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Green Energy Jobs in the United States: What Are They, and Where Are They?

Author

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  • E. Mark Curtis
  • Ioana Marinescu

Abstract

Does the growth of renewable energy benefit US workers, and which workers stand to benefit the most? Until now, evidence on green energy jobs has been limited due to measurement issues. We use data on nearly all jobs posted online in the United States, as collected by Burning Glass Technologies, and we create a new measure of green jobs, defined here as solar and wind jobs. We use job titles and task requirements to define green jobs. We find that both solar and wind job postings have more than tripled since 2010, with solar jobs seeing especially strong growth that precedes the growth of new installed solar capacity. In 2019, we identify approximately 52,500 solar job openings and 13,500 wind job openings. Solar jobs are mostly (33%) in sales occupations and in the utilities industry (16%). Wind jobs are most represented among installation and maintenance occupations (37%) and in the manufacturing industry (29%). Green jobs are created in occupations that are about 21% higher paying than average. The pay premium is even higher for jobs with a low educational requirement. Finally, green jobs tend to locate in counties with high shares of employment in fossil fuel extraction. Overall, our results suggest that the growth of renewable energy leads to the creation of relatively high-paying jobs, which are more often than not located in areas that stand to lose from a decline in fossil fuel extraction jobs.

Suggested Citation

  • E. Mark Curtis & Ioana Marinescu, 2023. "Green Energy Jobs in the United States: What Are They, and Where Are They?," Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 4(1), pages 202-237.
    • Handle: RePEc:ucp:epolec:doi:10.1086/722677
    DOI: 10.1086/722677
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    Cited by:

    1. Cornejo, Magdalena & Hallack, Michelle & Matias, David, 2025. "The role of renewables in smoothing the impact of oil and gas price shocks on inflation: The LAC experience," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    2. Bastos,Paulo S. R. & Greenspon,Jacob Neil & Stapleton,Katherine Anne & Taglioni,Daria, 2024. "Did the 2022 global energy crisis accelerate the diffusion of low-carbon technologies?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10777, The World Bank.
    3. Michael J. Böhm & Ben Etheridge & Aitor Irastorza-Fadrique, 2024. "The impact of labour demand shocks when occupational labour supplies are heterogeneous," IFS Working Papers W24/28, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    4. Maczulskij, Terhi, 2024. "How are green jobs created? A decomposition analysis," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    5. Rughi, Tommaso & Staccioli, Jacopo & Virgillito, Maria Enrica, 2025. "Labour-saving heuristics in green patents: A natural language processing analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    6. Villani, Davide & Fernández-Macías, Enrique & González-Vázquez, Ignacio & Oshafi, Vesna, 2026. "The grey shades of green jobs: Unpacking the occupational approach to green employment," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • Q5 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics
    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • J4 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets

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