Generalization in the Tropics: Development policy, randomized controlled trials, and external validity
Author
Abstract
Suggested Citation
DOI: 10.4419/86788835
Download full text from publisher
Other versions of this item:
- Jörg Peters & Jörg Langbein & Gareth Roberts, 2018. "Generalization in the Tropics – Development Policy, Randomized Controlled Trials, and External Validity," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 33(1), pages 34-64.
References listed on IDEAS
- Pedro C. Vicente, 2014. "Is Vote Buying Effective? Evidence from a Field Experiment in West Africa," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 124(574), pages 356-387, February.
- Angus Deaton, 2010.
"Instruments, Randomization, and Learning about Development,"
Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 48(2), pages 424-455, June.
- Angus Deaton, 2010. "Instruments, randomization, and learning about development," Working Papers 1224, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies..
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012.
"Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 247-273, April.
- Macours, Karen & Schady, Norbert & Vakis, Renos, 2008. "Cash transfers, behavioral changes, and cognitive development in early childhood : evidence from a randomized experiment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4759, The World Bank.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," Post-Print halshs-00754593, HAL.
- Macours, Karen & Schady, Norbert & Vakis, Renos, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 3834, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-00754593, HAL.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2011. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," Working Papers 2011-007, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
- Adrienne M. Lucas & Isaac M. Mbiti, 2014.
"Effects of School Quality on Student Achievement: Discontinuity Evidence from Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 234-263, July.
- Adrienne M. Lucas & Isaac M. Mbiti, 2014. "Effects of School Quality on Student Achievement: Discontinuity Evidence from Kenya," Working Papers 14-03, University of Delaware, Department of Economics.
- Alex Eble & Peter Boone & Diana Elbourne, 2017.
"On Minimizing the Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials in Economics,"
The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 31(3), pages 687-707.
- Eble,Alex & Boone,Peter & Elbourne,Diana, 2016. "On minimizing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials in economics," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7746, The World Bank.
- Dean Karlan & Martin Valdivia, 2011.
"Teaching Entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(2), pages 510-527, May.
- Martin Valdivia & Dean Karlan, 2006. "Teaching Entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions," Working Papers 941, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Karlan, Dean S. & Valdivia, Martin, 2006. "Teaching Entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions," Center Discussion Papers 28510, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Dean Karlan & Martin Valdivia, 2006. "Teaching entrepreneurship: Impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions," Natural Field Experiments 00282, The Field Experiments Website.
- Dean Karlan & Martin Valdivia, 2007. "Teaching Entrepreneurship: Impact of Business Training on Microfinance Clients and Institutions," Working Papers 107, Center for Global Development.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan & Shobhini Mukerji & Marc Shotland & Michael Walton, 2017.
"From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(4), pages 73-102, Fall.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," Working Papers id:11516, eSocialSciences.
- Banerjee, Abhijit V. & Banerji, Rukmini & Berry, James & Duflo, Esther & Kannan, Harini & Mukerji, Shobhini & Shotland, Marc & Walton, Michael, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," Working Paper Series rwp16-057, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Duflo, Esther & Banerjee, Abhijit & Banerji, Rukmini & Berry, James & Kannan, Harini & Mukerji, Shobhini & Walton, Michael & Shotland, Marc, 2017. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," CEPR Discussion Papers 11762, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan & Shobhini Mukherji & Marc Shotland & Michael Walton, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," NBER Working Papers 22931, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Angus Deaton, 2009.
"Instruments of development: Randomization in the tropics, and the search for the elusive keys to economic development,"
Working Papers
1128, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Health and Wellbeing..
- Angus S. Deaton, 2009. "Instruments of development: Randomization in the tropics, and the search for the elusive keys to economic development," NBER Working Papers 14690, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Angus Deaton, 2009. "Instruments of development: Randomization in the tropics, and the search for the elusive keys to economic development," Working Papers 1122, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies..
- Lori Beaman & Jeremy Magruder, 2012. "Who Gets the Job Referral? Evidence from a Social Networks Experiment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(7), pages 3574-3593, December.
- Paul Collier & Pedro C. Vicente, 2014.
"Votes and Violence: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Nigeria,"
Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 124(574), pages 327-355, February.
- Paul Collier & Pedro C. Vicente, 2008. "Votes and Violence: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Nigeria," CSAE Working Paper Series 2008-16, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Bertrand, Marianne & Karlan, Dean S. & Mullainathan, Sendhil & Shafir, Eldar & Zinman, Jonathan, 2005.
"What's Psychology Worth? A Field Experiment in the Consumer Credit Market,"
Center Discussion Papers
28441, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Marianne Bertrand & Dean S. Karlan & Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2005. "What's Psychology Worth? A Field Experiment in the Consumer Credit Market," Working Papers 918, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Marianne Bertrand & Dean Karlan & Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2006. "What's psychology worth? A field experiment in the consumer credit market," Natural Field Experiments 00217, The Field Experiments Website.
- Marianne Bertrand & Sendhil Mullainathan & Dean Karlan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2009. "What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment," Working Papers 968, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Marianne Bertrand & Dean Karlin & Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2005. "What's Psychology Worth? A Field Experiment in the Consumer Credit Market," NBER Working Papers 11892, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- repec:hal:pseose:halshs-00840901 is not listed on IDEAS
- Dean Karlan & Robert Osei & Isaac Osei-Akoto & Christopher Udry, 2014.
"Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(2), pages 597-652.
- Dean Karlan & Christopher Udry & Isaac Osei-Akoto & Robert Darko Osei, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," Working Papers 1019, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Dean Karlan, Robert Osei, Isaac Osei-Akoto, and Christopher Udry, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," Working Papers 310, Center for Global Development.
- Karlan, Dean S. & Udry, Christopher R. & Osei-Akoto, Isaac & Osei, Robert, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," Center Discussion Papers 139887, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Karlan, Dean & Osei-Akoto, Isaac & Osei, Robert Darko & Udry, Christopher, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," Working Papers 110, Yale University, Department of Economics.
- Dean Karlan & Robert Darko Osei & Isaac Osei-Akoto & Christopher Udry, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," NBER Working Papers 18463, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Udry, Christopher & Karlan, Dean & Osei, Robert & Osei-Akoto, Isaac, 2012. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," CEPR Discussion Papers 9173, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Karen Macours & Renos Vakis, 2014.
"Changing Households' Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders: Evidence from a Randomised Transfer Programme,"
Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 0(576), pages 607-633, May.
- Karen Macours & Renos Vakis, 2014. "Changing Households' Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders: Evidence from a Randomised Transfer Programme," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-01053534, HAL.
- Karen Macours & Renos Vakis, 2014. "Changing Households' Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders: Evidence from a Randomised Transfer Programme," Post-Print halshs-01053534, HAL.
- Alejandro Drexler & Greg Fischer & Antoinette Schoar, 2014.
"Keeping It Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 1-31, April.
- Schoar, Antoinette & Fischer, Greg & Drexler, Alejandro, 2010. "Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb," CEPR Discussion Papers 7994, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Drexler, Alejandro & Fischer, Gregory & Schoar, Antoinette, 2010. "Keeping it simple: financial literacy and rules of thumb," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 33502, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Drexler, Alejandro & Fischer, Gregory & Schoar, Antoinette, 2014. "Keeping it simple: financial literacy and rules of thumb," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 46797, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Bruno Crépon & Esther Duflo & Marc Gurgand & Roland Rathelot & Philippe Zamora, 2013.
"Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 128(2), pages 531-580.
- Crépon, Bruno & Duflo, Esther & Gurgand, Marc & Zamora, Philippe & Rathelot, Roland, 2012. "Do Labor Market Policies Have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment," CEPR Discussion Papers 9251, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Bruno Crépon & Esther Duflo & Marc Gurgand & Roland Rathelot & Philippe Zamora, 2013. "Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment," Post-Print halshs-00840901, HAL.
- Bruno Crépon & Esther Duflo & Marc Gurgand & Roland Rathelot & Philippe Zamora, 2012. "Do Labor Market Policies Have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment," NBER Working Papers 18597, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Bruno Crépon & Esther Duflo & Marc Gurgand & Roland Rathelot & Philippe Zamora, 2012. "Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment," Working Papers 2012-28, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics.
- Bruno Crépon & Esther Duflo & Marc Gurgand & Roland Rathelot & Philippe Zamora, 2013. "Do Labor Market Policies have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-00840901, HAL.
- David K. Evans & Anna Popova, 2016.
"What Really Works to Improve Learning in Developing Countries? An Analysis of Divergent Findings in Systematic Reviews,"
The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 31(2), pages 242-270.
- Evans,David-000213993 & Popova,Anna, 2015. "What really works to improve learning in developing countries ? an analysis of divergent findings in systematic reviews," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7203, The World Bank.
- Michael Woolcock, 2013.
"Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of ‘Complex’ Development Interventions,"
CID Working Papers
270, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Woolcock, Michael, 2013. "Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of 'Complex' Development Interventions," Working Paper Series rwp13-048, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Michael Woolcock, 2013. "Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of 'Complex' Development Interventions," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2013-096, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Esther Duflo & Michael Greenstone & Nicholas Ryan, 2013.
"Truth-telling by Third-party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms: Experimental Evidence from India,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 128(4), pages 1499-1545.
- Esther Duflo & Michael Greenstone & Rohini Pande & Nicholas Ryan, 2013. "Truth-telling by Third-party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms: Experimental Evidence from India," NBER Working Papers 19259, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Esther Duflo & Michael Greenstone & Rohini Pande & Nicholas Ryan, 2013. "Truth-telling by Third-party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms: Experimental Evidence from India," CID Working Papers 262, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Orazio Attanasio & Abigail Barr & Juan Camilo Cardenas & Garance Genicot & Costas Meghir, 2012.
"Risk Pooling, Risk Preferences, and Social Networks,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 134-167, April.
- Orazio Attansio & Abigail Barr & Juan Camilo Cardenas & Garance Genicot & Costas Mehgir, 2009. "Risk Pooling, Risk preferences, and Social Networks," CSAE Working Paper Series 2009-20, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Garance Genicot, Orazio Attanasio, Abigail Barr, Juan Camilo Cardenas and Costas Meghir, 2011. "Risk Pooling, Risk Preferences, and Social Networks," Working Papers gueconwpa~11-11-05, Georgetown University, Department of Economics.
- Vivi Alatas & Abhijit Banerjee & Rema Hanna & Benjamin A. Olken & Julia Tobias, 2012.
"Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(4), pages 1206-1240, June.
- Vivi Alatas & Abhijit Banerjee & Rema Hanna & Benjamin A. Olken & Julia Tobias, 2010. "Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia," NBER Working Papers 15980, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- repec:hal:pseose:halshs-00754593 is not listed on IDEAS
- Martina Björkman & Jakob Svensson, 2009. "Power to the People: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment on Community-Based Monitoring in Uganda," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 124(2), pages 735-769.
- Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2013.
"The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(2), pages 122-150, April.
- Suresh De Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2012. "The demand for, and consequences of, formalization among informal firms in Sri Lanka," NBER Working Papers 18019, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2012. "The demand for, and consequences of, formalization among informal firms in Sri Lanka," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5991, The World Bank.
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2012. "The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka," IZA Discussion Papers 6442, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- David P. Coady & Rebecca L. Harris, 2004. "Evaluating transfer programmes within a general equilibrium framework," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 114(498), pages 778-799, October.
- Esther Duflo & Pascaline Dupas & Michael Kremer, 2011.
"Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(5), pages 1739-1774, August.
- Esther Duflo & Pascaline Dupas & Michael Kremer, 2008. "Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya," NBER Working Papers 14475, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kremer, Michael & Duflo, Esther & Dupas, Pascaline, 2008. "Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya," CEPR Discussion Papers 7043, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Jonathan Robinson, 2012.
"Limited Insurance within the Household: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(4), pages 140-164, October.
- Robinson, Jonathan, 2008. "Limited Insurance Within the Household: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt2px0t7pt, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Robinson, Jonathan, 2011. "Limited insurance within the household: evidence from a field experiment in Kenya," MPRA Paper 32667, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Robinson, Jonathan, 2008. "Limited Insurance Within the Household: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," MPRA Paper 8314, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Jonas Hjort, 2013. "Ethnic Divisions and Production in Firms," CESifo Working Paper Series 4449, CESifo.
- Duflo, Esther & Glennerster, Rachel & Kremer, Michael, 2008.
"Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit,"
Handbook of Development Economics, in: T. Paul Schultz & John A. Strauss (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 61, pages 3895-3962,
Elsevier.
- Esther Duflo & Rachel Glennerster & Michael Kremer, 2006. "Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit," CID Working Papers 138, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Kremer, Michael & Glennerster, Rachel & Duflo, Esther, 2007. "Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit," CEPR Discussion Papers 6059, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Esther Duflo & Rachel Glennerster & Michael Kremer, 2006. "Using Randomization in Development Economics Research: A Toolkit," NBER Technical Working Papers 0333, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Lori Beaman & Raghabendra Chattopadhyay & Esther Duflo & Rohini Pande & Petia Topalova, 2009.
"Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 124(4), pages 1497-1540.
- Beaman, Lori & Chattopadhyay, Raghebendra & Duflo, Esther & Pande, Rohini & Topalova, Petia, 2008. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?," Working Paper Series rwp08-037, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Pande, Rohini & Duflo, Esther & Beaman, Lori & Topalova, Petia & ,, 2008. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?," CEPR Discussion Papers 6922, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Lori Beaman, 2008. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?," Working Papers id:1617, eSocialSciences.
- Raghabendra Chattopadyay & Esther Duflo & Rohini Pande & Petia Topalova, 2008. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?," CID Working Papers 175, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Lori A. Beaman & Raghabendra Chattopadhyay & Esther Duflo & Rohini Pande & Petia Topalova, 2008. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?," NBER Working Papers 14198, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2014.
"What Are We Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World?,"
The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 29(1), pages 48-82.
- McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2012. "What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6202, The World Bank.
- McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2013. "What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world?," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 116, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
- McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2012. "What Are We Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World?," IZA Discussion Papers 6895, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Woodruff, Christopher & McKenzie, David, 2013. "What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world?," CEPR Discussion Papers 9564, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Pascaline Dupas & Jonathan Robinson, 2013.
"Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(1), pages 163-192, January.
- Dupas, Pascaline & Robinson, Jonathan, 2008. "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt01x12117, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Pascaline Dupas & Jonathan Robinson, 2009. "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," NBER Working Papers 14693, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robinson, Jonathan & Dupas, Pascaline, 2009. "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt34w0w53t, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Dupas, Pascaline & Robinson, Jonathan, 2012. "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt1rg2d9mm, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Nicholas Bloom & Benn Eifert & Aprajit Mahajan & David McKenzie & John Roberts, 2013.
"Does Management Matter? Evidence from India,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 128(1), pages 1-51.
- Nicholas Bloom & David McKenzie, "undated". "Does Management Matter? Evidence From India," Discussion Papers 10-014, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
- Nicholas Bloom & Benn Eifert & Aprajit Mahajan & David McKenzie & John Roberts, 2011. "Does Management Matter? Evidence from India," CEP Discussion Papers dp1042, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Bloom, Nicholas & Eifert, Benn & Mahajan, Aprajit & McKenzie, David & Roberts, John, 2010. "Does Management Matter?: Evidence from India," Research Papers 2074, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
- Nicholas Bloom & Benn Eifert & Aprajit Mahajan & David McKenzie & John Roberts, 2011. "Does Management Matter? Evidence from India," NBER Working Papers 16658, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Bloom, Nicholas & Eifert, Benn & Mahajan, Aprajit & McKenzie, David & Roberts, John, 2011. "Does management matter ? evidence from India," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5573, The World Bank.
- Bloom, Nick, 2011. "Does management matter? Evidence from India," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 36391, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Bloom, Nick & Eifert, Ben & Mahajan, Aprajit & McKenzie, David & Roberts, John, 2010. "Does management matter? Evidence from India," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 36366, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Xavier Gine & Jessica Goldberg & Dean Yang, 2012.
"Credit Market Consequences of Improved Personal Identification: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(6), pages 2923-2954, October.
- Xavier Giné & Jessica Goldberg & Dean Yang, 2011. "Credit Market Consequences of Improved Personal Identification: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi," NBER Working Papers 17449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- David K. Evans & Anna Popova, 2015. "Cash Transfers and Temptation Goods," Working Papers id:6420, eSocialSciences.
- Jishnu Das & Stefan Dercon & James Habyarimana & Pramila Krishnan & Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2013.
"School Inputs, Household Substitution, and Test Scores,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(2), pages 29-57, April.
- Das, Jishnu & Dercon, Stefan & Habyarimana, James & Krishnan, Pramila & Muralidharan, Karthik & Sundararaman, Venkatesh, 2011. "School inputs, household substitution, and test scores," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5629, The World Bank.
- Jishnu Das & Stefan Dercon & James Habyarimana & Pramila Krishnan & Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2011. "School Inputs, Household Substitution, and Test Scores," NBER Working Papers 16830, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Banerjee, Abhijit & Bardhan, Pranab & Basu, Kaushik, 2005.
"New Directions in Development Economics: Theory or Empirics? A Symposium in Economic and Political Weekly,"
Working Papers
127128, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Pranab Bardhan & Kaushik Basu & Ravi Kanbur & Dilip Mookherjee, 2005. "New Directions in Development Economics: Theory or Empirics? A Symposium in Economic and Political Weekly," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series DP-153, Boston University - Department of Economics.
- Pascaline Dupas, 2011.
"Do Teenagers Respond to HIV Risk Information? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(1), pages 1-34, January.
- Pascaline Dupas, 2009. "Do Teenagers Respond to HIV Risk Information? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," NBER Working Papers 14707, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sylvain Chassang & Gerard Padro I Miquel & Erik Snowberg, 2012.
"Selective Trials: A Principal-Agent Approach to Randomized Controlled Experiments,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(4), pages 1279-1309, June.
- Sylvain Chassang & Gerard Padro i Miquel & Erik Snowberg, 2010. "Selective Trials: A Principal-Agent Approach to Randomized Controlled Experiments," NBER Working Papers 16343, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Snowberg, Erik & Padró i Miquel, Gerard & Chassang, Sylvain, 2010. "Selective Trials: A Principal-Agent Approach to Randomized Controlled Experiments," CEPR Discussion Papers 8003, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Sylvain Chassang & Gerard Padro i Miquel & Erik Snowberg, 2010. "Selective Trials: A Principal-Agent Approach to Randomized Controlled Experiments," Working Papers 1262, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Econometric Research Program..
- Erica Field & Rohini Pande & John Papp & Natalia Rigol, 2013. "Does the Classic Microfinance Model Discourage Entrepreneurship among the Poor? Experimental Evidence from India," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(6), pages 2196-2226, October.
- Michal Bauer & Julie Chytilova & Jonathan Morduch, 2012.
"Behavioral Foundations of Microcredit: Experimental and Survey Evidence from Rural India,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(2), pages 1118-1139, April.
- Michal Bauer & Julie Chytilová & Jonathan Morduch, 2008. "Behavioral Foundations of Microcredit: Experimental and Survey Evidence From Rural India," Working Papers IES 2008/28, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, revised Nov 2008.
- Bauer, Michal & Chytilová, Julie & Morduch, Jonathan, 2010. "Behavioral Foundations of Microcredit: Experimental and Survey Evidence from Rural India," IZA Discussion Papers 4901, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2016.
"Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials,"
Working Papers
august_25.pdf, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies..
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2016. "Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials," Working Papers 2016-08, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Health and Wellbeing..
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2016. "Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials," NBER Working Papers 22595, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- repec:idb:brikps:77778 is not listed on IDEAS
- Timothy J. Besley & Konrad B. Burchardi & Maitreesh Ghatak, 2012. "Incentives and the De Soto Effect," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 127(1), pages 237-282.
- Rafael Di Tella & Ernesto Schargrodsky, 2013.
"Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring,"
Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 121(1), pages 28-73.
- Rafael Di Tella & Ernesto Schargrodsky, 2009. "Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring," NBER Working Papers 15602, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Woolcock, Michael, 2013.
"Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of 'Complex' Development Interventions,"
Working Paper Series
rwp13-048, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Woolcock, Michael, 2013. "Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of 'Complex' Development Interventions," WIDER Working Paper Series 096, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Michael Woolcock, 2013. "Using Case Studies to Explore the External Validity of ‘Complex’ Development Interventions," CID Working Papers 270, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Robert Jensen, 2012. "Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? Experimental Evidence from India," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 127(2), pages 753-792.
- Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2009.
"Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries With a Consumer Credit Field Experiment,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(6), pages 1993-2008, November.
- Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2004. "Observing unobservables: Identifying information asymmetries with a consumer credit field experiment," Natural Field Experiments 00283, The Field Experiments Website.
- Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2005. "Observing unobservables: identifying information asymmetries with a consumer-credit field experiment," Proceedings 961, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Dean S. Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2005. "Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries with a Consumer Credit Field Experiment," Working Papers 911, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Zinman, Jonathan & Karlan, Dean, 2007. "Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries with a Consumer Credit Field Experiment," CEPR Discussion Papers 6182, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Karlan, Dean S. & Zinman, Jonathan, 2005. "Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries with a Consumer Credit Field Experiment," Center Discussion Papers 28482, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2010. "The Impact of Diagnostic Feedback to Teachers on Student Learning: Experimental Evidence from India," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 120(546), pages 187-203, August.
- Marianne Bertrand & Dean Karlan & Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2010.
"What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 125(1), pages 263-306.
- Bertrand, Marianne & Karlan, Dean & Mullainathan, Sendhil & Shafir, Eldar & Zinman, Jonathan, 2009. "What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment," Working Papers 58, Yale University, Department of Economics.
- Bertrand, Marianne & Karlan, Dean S. & Mullainathan, Sendhil & Shafir, Eldar & Zinman, Jonathan, 2009. "What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment," Center Discussion Papers 47038, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Marianne Bertrand & Sendhil Mullainathan & Dean Karlan & Eldar Shafir & Jonathan Zinman, 2009. "What's Advertising Content Worth? Evidence from a Consumer Credit Marketing Field Experiment," Working Papers 968, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Paul Niehaus & Sandip Sukhtankar, 2023.
"General Equilibrium Effects of (Improving) Public Employment Programs: Experimental Evidence From India,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 91(4), pages 1261-1295, July.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Paul Niehaus & Sandip Sukhtankar, 2017. "General Equilibrium Effects of (Improving) Public Employment Programs: Experimental Evidence from India," NBER Working Papers 23838, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Xavier Giné & Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2010.
"Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is: A Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(4), pages 213-235, October.
- Gine, Xavier & Karlan, Dean & Zinman, Jonathan, 2009. "Put your money where your butt is : a commitment contract for smoking cessation," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4985, The World Bank.
- Menno Pradhan & Daniel Suryadarma & Amanda Beatty & Maisy Wong & Arya Gaduh & Armida Alisjahbana & Rima Prama Artha, 2014.
"Improving Educational Quality through Enhancing Community Participation: Results from a Randomized Field Experiment in Indonesia,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 105-126, April.
- Menno Pradhan & Daniel Suryadarma & Amanda Beatty & Maisy Wong & Arya Gaduh & Armida Alisjahbana & Rima Prama Artha, "undated". "Improving Educational Quality through Enhancing Community Participation: Results from a Randomized Field Experiment in Indonesia," Mathematica Policy Research Reports 38bc71ea32554aa5b9eb77b3a, Mathematica Policy Research.
- Pradhan, Menno & Suryadarma, Daniel & Beatty, Amanda & Wong, Maisy & Alishjabana, Armida & Gaduh, Arya & Artha, Rima Prama, 2011. "Improving educational quality through enhancing community participation : results from a randomized field experiment in Indonesia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5795, The World Bank.
- Nava Ashraf & James Berry & Jesse M. Shapiro, 2010.
"Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Zambia,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(5), pages 2383-2413, December.
- Nava Ashraf & James Berry & Jesse M. Shapiro, 2007. "Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Zambia," NBER Working Papers 13247, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Paul Glewwe & Nauman Ilias & Michael Kremer, 2010.
"Teacher Incentives,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(3), pages 205-227, July.
- Paul Glewwe & Nauman Ilias & Michael Kremer, 2003. "Teacher Incentives," NBER Working Papers 9671, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Paul Glewwe & Nauman Ilias & Michael Kremer, 2003. "Teacher incentives," Natural Field Experiments 00257, The Field Experiments Website.
- Seán M. Muller, 2015. "Causal Interaction and External Validity: Obstacles to the Policy Relevance of Randomized Evaluations," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 29(suppl_1), pages 217-225.
- Levitt, Steven D. & List, John A., 2009.
"Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future,"
European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 1-18, January.
- Steven D. Levitt & John A. List, 2008. "Field Experiments in Economics: The Past, The Present, and The Future," NBER Working Papers 14356, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Steven Levitt & John List, 2008. "Field experiments in economics: The past, the present, and the future," Artefactual Field Experiments 00079, The Field Experiments Website.
- repec:pri:cheawb:deaton%20instruments%20of%20development%20keynes%20lecture%202009.pdf is not listed on IDEAS
- Sylvie Moulin & Michael Kremer & Paul Glewwe, 2009.
"Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(1), pages 112-135, January.
- Paul Glewwe & Michael Kremer & Sylvie Moulin, 2007. "Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya," NBER Working Papers 13300, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Michael Kremer & Paul Glewwe & Sylvie Moulin, 2007. "Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya," CID Working Papers 149, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Alessandro Tarozzi & Aprajit Mahajan & Brian Blackburn & Dan Kopf & Lakshmi Krishnan & Joanne Yoong, 2014.
"Micro-loans, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, and Malaria: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Orissa, India,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(7), pages 1909-1941, July.
- Alessandro Tarozzi & Aprajit Mahajan & Brian Blackburn & Daniel Kopf & Lakshmi Krishnan & Joanne Yoong, 2011. "Micro-Loans, Insecticide-Treated Bednets and Malaria: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Orissa (India)," Working Papers 11-13, Duke University, Department of Economics.
- Alessandro Tarozzi & Aprajit Mahajan & Brian Blackburn & Dan Kopf & Lakshmi Krishnan & Joanne Yoong, 2011. "Micro-loans, Insecticide-Treated Bednets and Malaria:Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Orissa (India)," Working Papers id:3915, eSocialSciences.
- Michael Kremer & Edward Miguel & Rebecca Thornton, 2009.
"Incentives to Learn,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 91(3), pages 437-456, August.
- Michael Kremer & Edward Miguel & Rebecca Thornton, 2004. "Incentives to Learn," NBER Working Papers 10971, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kremer, Michael & Miguel, Edward & Thornton, Rebecca & Ozier, Owen, 2005. "Incentives to learn," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3546, The World Bank.
- Kremer, Michael Robert & Miguel, Edward A. & Thorton, Rebecca L, 2004. "Incentives to Learn," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt9kc4p47q, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
- Kremer, Michael Robert & Miguel, Edward A. & Thorton, Rebecca L, 2004. "Incentives to Learn," Center for International and Development Economics Research, Working Paper Series qt9kc4p47q, Center for International and Development Economics Research, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
- Michael Kremer & Edward Miguel & Rebecca Thornton, 2004. "Incentives to learn," Natural Field Experiments 00289, The Field Experiments Website.
- Kremer, Michael R. & Miguel, Edward & Thornton, Rebecca, 2009. "Incentives to Learn," Scholarly Articles 3716457, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Michael Kremer & Edward Miguel & Rebecca Thornton, 2004. "Incentives to Learn," CID Working Papers 109, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Kaushik Basu, 2014. "Randomisation, Causality and the Role of Reasoned Intuition," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(4), pages 455-472, December.
- Hongbin Cai & Yuyu Chen & Hanming Fang, 2009.
"Observational Learning: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Field Experiment,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(3), pages 864-882, June.
- Hongbin Cai & Yuyu Chen & Hanming Fang, 2007. "Observational Learning: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Field Experiment," NBER Working Papers 13516, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Peters, Jörg & Langbein, Jörg & Roberts, Gareth, 2016.
"Policy evaluation, randomized controlled trials, and external validity—A systematic review,"
Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 51-54.
- Peters, Jörg & Langbein, Jörg & Roberts, Gareth, 2015. "Policy evaluation, randomized controlled trials, and external validity: A systematic review," Ruhr Economic Papers 589, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
- Elizabeth M. King & Jere R. Behrman, 2009.
"Timing and Duration of Exposure in Evaluations of Social Programs,"
The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 24(1), pages 55-82, February.
- King , Elizabeth M. & Behrman, Jere R., 2008. "Timing and duration of exposure in evaluations of social programs," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4686, The World Bank.
- Maarten J. Voors & Eleonora E. M. Nillesen & Philip Verwimp & Erwin H. Bulte & Robert Lensink & Daan P. Van Soest, 2012. "Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(2), pages 941-964, April.
- Pascaline Dupas, 2014.
"Short‐Run Subsidies and Long‐Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence From a Field Experiment,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 82(1), pages 197-228, January.
- Pascaline Dupas, 2010. "Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence from a Field Experiment," Working Papers id:2498, eSocialSciences.
- Pascaline Dupas, 2010. "Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence from a Field Experiment," NBER Working Papers 16298, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Temple, Jonathan R.W., 2010. "Aid and Conditionality," Handbook of Development Economics, in: Dani Rodrik & Mark Rosenzweig (ed.), Handbook of Development Economics, edition 1, volume 5, chapter 0, pages 4415-4523, Elsevier.
- Pascaline Dupas & Jonathan Robinson, 2013.
"Why Don't the Poor Save More? Evidence from Health Savings Experiments,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(4), pages 1138-1171, June.
- Pascaline Dupas & Jonathan Robinson, 2011. "Why Don't the Poor Save More? Evidence from Health Savings Experiments," NBER Working Papers 17255, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Dupas, Pascaline & Robinson, Jonathan, 2012. "Why Don't the Poor Save More? Evidence from Health Savings Experiments," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt94w3m4r9, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
- Leonardo Bursztyn & Lucas C. Coffman, 2012. "The Schooling Decision: Family Preferences, Intergenerational Conflict, and Moral Hazard in the Brazilian Favelas," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 120(3), pages 359-397.
- Paul J. Gertler & Sebastian W. Martinez & Marta Rubio-Codina, 2012.
"Investing Cash Transfers to Raise Long-Term Living Standards,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(1), pages 164-192, January.
- Gertler, Paul & Martinez, Sebastian & Rubio-Codina, Marta, 2006. "Investing cash transfers to raise long term living standards," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3994, The World Bank.
- Benjamin A. Olken & Junko Onishi & Susan Wong, 2014. "Should Aid Reward Performance? Evidence from a Field Experiment on Health and Education in Indonesia," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(4), pages 1-34, October.
- Olivier Armantier & Amadou Boly, 2013. "Comparing Corruption in the Laboratory and in the Field in Burkina Faso and in Canada," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 123(12), pages 1168-1187, December.
- Esther Duflo & Michael Kremer & Jonathan Robinson, 2011.
"Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(6), pages 2350-2390, October.
- Esther Duflo & Michael Kremer & Jonathan Robinson, 2009. "Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya," NBER Working Papers 15131, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Emily Oster & Rebecca Thornton, 2011. "Menstruation, Sanitary Products, and School Attendance: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(1), pages 91-100, January.
- repec:hal:pseose:halshs-01053534 is not listed on IDEAS
- Cilliers, Jacobus & Dube, Oeindrila & Siddiqi, Bilal, 2015. "The white-man effect: How foreigner presence affects behavior in experiments," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 397-414.
- repec:pri:rpdevs:instruments_of_development.pdf is not listed on IDEAS
- Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2009.
"Are Women More Credit Constrained? Experimental Evidence on Gender and Microenterprise Returns,"
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(3), pages 1-32, July.
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2008. "Are Women More Credit Constrained? Experimental Evidence on Gender and Microenterprise Returns," IZA Discussion Papers 3743, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2008. "Are women more credit constrained ? experimental evidence on gender and microenterprise returns," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4746, The World Bank.
- Jobiba Chinkhumba & Susan Godlonton & Rebecca Thornton, 2014. "The Demand for Medical Male Circumcision," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(2), pages 152-177, April.
- Kenneth F Schulz & Douglas G Altman & David Moher & for the CONSORT Group, 2010. "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(3), pages 1-7, March.
- Uri Gneezy & Kenneth L. Leonard & John A. List, 2009.
"Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence From a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal Society,"
Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(5), pages 1637-1664, September.
- Uri Gneezy & Kenneth L. Leonard & John A. List, 2008. "Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal Society," NBER Working Papers 13727, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Uri Gneezy & Kenneth Leonard & John List, 2009. "Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society," Artefactual Field Experiments 00049, The Field Experiments Website.
- Benjamin Feigenberg & Erica Field & Rohini Pande, 2013. "The Economic Returns to Social Interaction: Experimental Evidence from Microfinance," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 80(4), pages 1459-1483.
- Nava Ashraf, 2009. "Spousal Control and Intra-household Decision Making: An Experimental Study in the Philippines," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(4), pages 1245-1277, September.
- Esther Duflo & Rema Hanna & Stephen P. Ryan, 2012. "Incentives Work: Getting Teachers to Come to School," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(4), pages 1241-1278, June.
- Hunt Allcott, 2015.
"Site Selection Bias in Program Evaluation,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 130(3), pages 1117-1165.
- Katherine Casey & Rachel Glennerster & Edward Miguel, 2012. "Reshaping Institutions: Evidence on Aid Impacts Using a Preanalysis Plan," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 127(4), pages 1755-1812.
- Katherine Casey & Rachel Glennerster & Edward Miguel, 2011. "Reshaping Institutions: Evidence on Aid Impacts Using a Pre-Analysis Plan," NBER Working Papers 17012, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Jenny C. Aker & Christopher Ksoll & Travis J. Lybbert, 2012. "Can Mobile Phones Improve Learning? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Niger," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(4), pages 94-120, October.
- Eva Vivalt, 0. "How Much Can We Generalize From Impact Evaluations?," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 18(6), pages 3045-3089.
- Nava Ashraf & Erica Field & Jean Lee, 2014. "Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility: An Experimental Study in Zambia," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(7), pages 2210-2237, July.
- Martin Ravallion, 2012. "Fighting Poverty One Experiment at a Time: Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty : Review Essay," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 50(1), pages 103-114, March.
- repec:oup:qjecon:v:129:y:2014:i:2:p:697-752. is not listed on IDEAS
- Deaton, Angus & Cartwright, Nancy, 2018. "Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 2-21.
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2016. "Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials," Working Papers august_25.pdf, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Research Program in Development Studies..
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2017. "Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials," Working Papers 2017-10, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Health and Wellbeing..
- Angus Deaton & Nancy Cartwright, 2016. "Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials," NBER Working Papers 22595, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Gani Aldashev & Georg Kirchsteiger & Alexander Sebald, 2017. "Assignment Procedure Biases in Randomised Policy Experiments," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 127(602), pages 873-895, June.
- Gani Aldashev & Georg Kirchsteiger & Alexander Sebald, 2012. "Assignment procedure biases in randomized policy experiments," Carlo Alberto Notebooks 292, Collegio Carlo Alberto.
- Felipe Barrera-Osorio & Marianne Bertrand & Leigh L. Linden & Francisco Perez-Calle, 2011. "Improving the Design of Conditional Transfer Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Education Experiment in Colombia," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(2), pages 167-195, April.
- Brian E. Roe & David R. Just, 2009. "Internal and External Validity in Economics Research: Tradeoffs between Experiments, Field Experiments, Natural Experiments, and Field Data," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 91(5), pages 1266-1271.
- Sarah Baird & Craig McIntosh & Berk Özler, 2011. "Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(4), pages 1709-1753.
- Baird, Sarah & Mcintosh, Craig & Ozler, Berk, 2010. "Cash or condition ? evidence from a cash transfer experiment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5259, The World Bank.
- Karen Macours & Renos Vakis, 2014. "Changing Households' Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders: Evidence from a Randomised Transfer Programme," Post-Print halshs-01313720, HAL.
- Orazio Attanasio & Adriana Kugler & Costas Meghir, 2011. "Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: Evidence from a Randomized Trial," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(3), pages 188-220, July.
- Dana Burde & Leigh L. Linden, 2013. "Bringing Education to Afghan Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Village-Based Schools," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(3), pages 27-40, July.
- Elizabeth A. Stuart & Stephen R. Cole & Catherine P. Bradshaw & Philip J. Leaf, 2011. "The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 174(2), pages 369-386, April.
- repec:pri:cheawb:deaton%20instruments%20of%20development%20keynes%20lecture%202009 is not listed on IDEAS
- Christopher Blattman & Nathan Fiala & Sebastian Martinez, 2014. "Generating Skilled Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(2), pages 697-752.
- repec:idb:brikps:publication-detail,7101.html?id=32886 is not listed on IDEAS
- Moussa P. Blimpo, 2014. "Team Incentives for Education in Developing Countries: A Randomized Field Experiment in Benin," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(4), pages 90-109, October.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 247-273, April.
- Macours, Karen & Schady, Norbert & Vakis, Renos, 2008. "Cash transfers, behavioral changes, and cognitive development in early childhood : evidence from a randomized experiment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4759, The World Bank.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 62638, Inter-American Development Bank.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2012. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," PSE - Labex "OSE-Ouvrir la Science Economique" halshs-00754593, HAL.
- Karen Macours & Norbert Schady & Renos Vakis, 2011. "Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," Working Papers 2011-007, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
- repec:feb:artefa:0087 is not listed on IDEAS
- Kaushik Basu & Andrew Foster, 2015. "Development Economics and Method: A Quarter Century of ABCDE," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 29(suppl_1), pages 2-8.
- Jessica Cohen & Pascaline Dupas, 2010. "Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing? Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 125(1), pages 1-45.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2011. "Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 119(1), pages 39-77.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2009. "Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India," NBER Working Papers 15323, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- repec:ucp:ecdecc:doi:10.1086/689575 is not listed on IDEAS
- Rema Hanna & Sendhil Mullainathan & Joshua Schwartzstein, 2014. "Learning Through Noticing: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(3), pages 1311-1353.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Venkatesh Sundararaman, 2015. "Editor's Choice The Aggregate Effect of School Choice: Evidence from a Two-Stage Experiment in India," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 130(3), pages 1011-1066.
- Amanda E. Kowalski, 2018. "How to Examine External Validity Within an Experiment," NBER Working Papers 24834, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Lant Pritchett & Justin Sandefur, 2015. "Learning from Experiments When Context Matters," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 105(5), pages 471-475, May.
- Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2009. "Returns to Capital in Microenterprises: Evidence from a Field Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 124(1), pages 423-423.
- Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2008. "Returns to Capital in Microenterprises: Evidence from a Field Experiment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 123(4), pages 1329-1372.
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2007. "Returns to capital in microenterprises : evidence from a field experiment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4230, The World Bank.
- de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2007. "Returns to Capital in Microenterprises: Evidence from a Field Experiment," IZA Discussion Papers 2934, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Robert T. Jensen & Nolan H. Miller, 2011. "Do Consumer Price Subsidies Really Improve Nutrition?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(4), pages 1205-1223, November.
- Robert Jensen, 2010. "The (Perceived) Returns to Education and the Demand for Schooling," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 125(2), pages 515-548.
- Thomas Fujiwara & Leonard Wantchekon, 2013. "Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism? Experimental Evidence from Benin," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(4), pages 241-255, October.
- Erwin Bulte & Gonne Beekman & Salvatore Di Falco & Joseph Hella & Pan Lei, 2014. "Behavioral Responses and the Impact of New Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from a Double-blind Field Experiment in Tanzania," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 96(3), pages 813-830. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
Most related items
These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.- Peters, Jörg & Langbein, Jörg & Roberts, Gareth, 2016.
"Policy evaluation, randomized controlled trials, and external validity—A systematic review,"
Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 51-54.
- Peters, Jörg & Langbein, Jörg & Roberts, Gareth, 2015. "Policy evaluation, randomized controlled trials, and external validity: A systematic review," Ruhr Economic Papers 589, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Paul Niehaus, 2017.
"Experimentation at Scale,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(4), pages 103-124, Fall.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Paul Niehaus, 2017. "Experimentation at Scale," NBER Working Papers 23957, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Molina Millán, Teresa & Macours, Karen, 2017.
"Attrition in Randomized Control Trials: Using Tracking Information to Correct Bias,"
IZA Discussion Papers
10711, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Macours, Karen & Molina Millan, Teresa, 2017. "Attrition in Randomized Control Trials: Using tracking information to correct bias," CEPR Discussion Papers 11962, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Teresa Molina Millan & Karen Macours, 2017. "Attrition in randomized control trials: Using tracking information to correct bias," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp1702, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
- Teresa Molina Millán & Karen Macours, 2017. "Attrition in randomized control trials: Using tracking information to correct bias," FEUNL Working Paper Series novaf:wp1702, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Economia.
- Benjamin A. Olken, 2020. "Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer, and the Rise of Modern Development Economics," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 122(3), pages 853-878, July.
- Pascaline Dupas & Edward Miguel, 2016.
"Impacts and Determinants of Health Levels in Low-Income Countries,"
NBER Working Papers
22235, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Dupas, Pascaline & Miguel, Edward, 2016. "Impacts and Determinants of Health Levels in Low-Income Countries," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt3r04k69j, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley.
- Benjamin A. Olken, 2015. "Promises and Perils of Pre-analysis Plans," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 29(3), pages 61-80, Summer.
- Belot, Michèle & James, Jonathan, 2016.
"Partner selection into policy relevant field experiments,"
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 31-56.
- Michele Belot & Jonathan James, 2013. "Partner Selection into Policy Relevant Field Experiments," Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series 236, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh.
- Belot, Michele & James, Jonathan, 2013. "Partner Selection into Policy Relevant Field Experiments," SIRE Discussion Papers 2013-112, Scottish Institute for Research in Economics (SIRE).
- Eszter Czibor & David Jimenez‐Gomez & John A. List, 2019.
"The Dozen Things Experimental Economists Should Do (More of),"
Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 86(2), pages 371-432, October.
- Eszter Czibor & David Jimenez-Gomez & John List, 2019. "The Dozen Things Experimental Economists Should Do (More of)," Artefactual Field Experiments 00648, The Field Experiments Website.
- Eszter Czibor & David Jimenez-Gomez & John A. List, 2019. "The Dozen Things Experimental Economists Should Do (More of)," NBER Working Papers 25451, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- B Kelsey Jack, "undated". "Market Inefficiencies and the Adoption of Agricultural Technologies in Developing Countries," CID Working Papers 50, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan & Shobhini Mukerji & Marc Shotland & Michael Walton, 2017.
"From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(4), pages 73-102, Fall.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," Working Papers id:11516, eSocialSciences.
- Banerjee, Abhijit V. & Banerji, Rukmini & Berry, James & Duflo, Esther & Kannan, Harini & Mukerji, Shobhini & Shotland, Marc & Walton, Michael, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," Working Paper Series rwp16-057, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Duflo, Esther & Banerjee, Abhijit & Banerji, Rukmini & Berry, James & Kannan, Harini & Mukerji, Shobhini & Walton, Michael & Shotland, Marc, 2017. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," CEPR Discussion Papers 11762, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Rukmini Banerji & James Berry & Esther Duflo & Harini Kannan & Shobhini Mukherji & Marc Shotland & Michael Walton, 2016. "From Proof of Concept to Scalable Policies: Challenges and Solutions, with an Application," NBER Working Papers 22931, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Eduard Marinov, 2019. "The 2019 Nobel Prize in Economics," Economic Thought journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 6, pages 78-116.
- Harounan Kazianga & Leigh Linden & Ali Protik & Matt Sloan, 2015. "Impact Evaluation of Burkina Faso's BRIGHT Program: Design Report," Mathematica Policy Research Reports c0250cd3f27d448ea70d909c3, Mathematica Policy Research.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Mauricio Romero & Kaspar Wüthrich, 2019.
"Factorial Designs, Model Selection, and (Incorrect) Inference in Randomized Experiments,"
NBER Working Papers
26562, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Karthik Muralidharan & Mauricio Romero & Kaspar Wüthrich, 2020. "Factorial Designs, Model Selection, and (Incorrect) Inference in Randomized Experiments," CESifo Working Paper Series 8137, CESifo.
- Dean Karlan & Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan & Jonathan Zinman, 2014.
"Savings by and for the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda,"
Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 60(1), pages 36-78, March.
- Karlan, Dean & Ratan, Aishwarya Lakshmi & Zinman, Jonathan, 2013. "Savings by and for the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda," Working Papers 118, Yale University, Department of Economics.
- Dean Karlan & Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan & Jonathan Zinman, 2014. "Savings By and For the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2014-078, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Karlan, Dean S. & Ratan, Aishwarya & Zinman, Jonathan, 2013. "Savings by and for the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda," Center Discussion Papers 153267, Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
- Dean Karlan & Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan & Jonathan Zinman, 2013. "Savings by and for the Poor: A Research Review and Agenda," Working Papers 1027, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
- Florent Bédécarrats & Isabelle Guérin & François Roubaud, 2019.
"All that Glitters is not Gold. The Political Economy of Randomized Evaluations in Development,"
Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 50(3), pages 735-762, May.
- Florent BEDECARRATS & Isabelle GUERIN & François ROUBAUD, 2017. "All That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Political Economy of Randomised Evaluations in Development," Working Paper 753120cd-506f-4c5f-80ed-7, Agence française de développement.
- Florent Bédécarrats & Isabelle Guérin & François Roubaud, 2019. "All that glitters is not gold : the political economy of randomized evaluations in development," Post-Print ird-02112849, HAL.
- Eric Bettinger & Nina Cunha & Guilherme Lichand & Ricardo Madeira, 2020. "Are the effects of informational interventions driven by salience?," ECON - Working Papers 350, Department of Economics - University of Zurich, revised May 2021.
- Francesca Marchetta & Tom Dilly, 2019. "Supporting Education in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges for an Impact Investor," Working Papers hal-02288103, HAL.
- Abhijit Banerjee & Sylvain Chassang & Erik Snowberg, 2016. "Decision Theoretic Approaches to Experiment Design and External Validity," NBER Working Papers 22167, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Isaac Mbiti & Karthik Muralidharan & Mauricio Romero & Youdi Schipper & Constantine Manda & Rakesh Rajani, 2019.
"Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 134(3), pages 1627-1673.
- Isaac Mbiti & Karthik Muralidharan & Mauricio Romero & Youdi Schipper & Constantine Manda & Rakesh Rajani, 2018. "Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania," NBER Working Papers 24876, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
More about this item
Keywords
policy evaluation; systematic review; internal validity; external validity; randomized controlled trials;
All these keywords.JEL classification:
- C83 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs - - - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
- C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
NEP fields
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:- NEP-DEV-2017-11-12 (Development)
- NEP-EXP-2017-11-12 (Experimental Economics)
Statistics
Access and download statisticsCorrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:rwirep:716. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/rwiesde.html .
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.
- Katherine Casey & Rachel Glennerster & Edward Miguel, 2012. "Reshaping Institutions: Evidence on Aid Impacts Using a Preanalysis Plan," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 127(4), pages 1755-1812.