Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

1. Economics of Pandemics
2. Preparation
3. Policy responses
4. Vaccination
5. Behavioral
6. Macroeconomic
7. Consequences
8. Mortality
9. Fertility
10. Health and human capital
11. Macroeconomic
12. Covid-19
13. Health
14. Economic policy
15. Economic consequences
16. Behavioral issues
17. Swine Influenza (H1N1)
18. AIDS/HIV
19. Avian Influenza (H5N1)
20. Spanish Influenza
21. Black Death
22. SARS
23. MERS
24. Ebola

2018

• Xenia Frei & Felix Rösel, 2018, "Bürger gehen, Ausgaben bleiben: Schrumpfende Städte leiden doppelt," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 25, issue 02, pages 03-06, April.
• David Bauer & Julia Sonnenburg & Michael Weber, 2018, "Für ein Viertel der älteren Beschäftigten in Sachsen könnte bald der Nachwuchs fehlen," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 25, issue 03, pages 03-08, June.
• Joachim Ragnitz, 2018, "Keine Kinder = keine Enkel: Zur Langfristigkeit demographischer Entwicklungen," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 25, issue 04, pages 28-33, August.
• Xenia Frei & Joachim Ragnitz & Felix Rösel, 2018, "Kosten kommunaler Leistungserstellung unter dem Einfluss von demografischem Wandel und Urbanisierung," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 80, February.
• David Bauer & Joachim Ragnitz & Julia Sonnenburg & Michael Weber, 2018, "Public Staffing through 2030 in the Free State of Saxony and the Competitive Situation to the Private Sector," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 81, February.
• Nigel Rice & Maria Jose Aragon, 2018, "The determinants of health care expenditure growth," Working Papers, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, number 156cherp, Jul.
• Gilles Dufrénot, 2018, "The third demographic dividend: measuring the “demographic tax” in the Arab Countries in Transition," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2018-15, Sep.
• Javier Mej√≠a, 2018, "The Network Formation Origin of Tribal Societies," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 16381, Jun.
• Santiago Montenegro & Jorge Llano & Diego Eslava & Karim Fajury & Juan Manuel CÔøΩceres, 2018, "Un modelo para evaluar el sistema pensional colombiano," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 16962, Oct.
• Alí M. Arrieta—Arrieta & �lvaro J. Fl�rez?Tan�s & Nelson Alvis Guzm�n, 2018, "Impacto de la mortalidad evitable en los patrones de mortalidad de la región Caribe, 1999—2014," Revista de Economía del Caribe, Universidad del Norte, volume 0, issue 0, pages 1-30.
• Eva Granados López & Roc�o Rodr�guez Soler & Lara Vilach� Mart�nez, 2018, "¿El desarrollo sostenible como estrategia para abordar la despoblación en el medio rural? Estudio de caso : Almócita," Revista Equidad y Desarrollo, Universidad de la Salle, issue 31, pages 217-237, DOI: 10.19052/ed.4422.
• KLIMAVICIUTE Jutina, & ONDER Harun, & PESTIEAU, Pierre,, 2018, "The inherited inequality: How demographic aging and pension reforms can change the intergenerational transmission of wealth," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE), number 2018008, Mar.
• Eckstein, Zvi & Botticini, Maristella & Vaturi, Anat, 2018, "Child Care and Human Development: Insights from Jewish History in Central and Eastern Europe, 1500–1930," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13178, Sep.
• Coeurdacier, Nicolas & Barany, Zsofia & Guibaud, Stéphane, 2018, "Capital Flows in an Aging World," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13180, Sep.
• Gobbi, Paula Eugenia & ,, 2018, "Economic Uncertainty and Fertility Cycles: The Case of the Post-WWII Baby Boom," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13374, Dec.
• Terry-Ann CRAIGIE & Samuel L. MYERS, JR. & William A. DARITY, JR., 2018, "Racial Differences in the Effect of Marriageable Males on Female Family Headship," JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, volume 84, issue 3, pages 231-256, September, DOI: 10.1017/dem.2018.3.
• Thu Hien Dao & Frédéric Docquier & Mathilde Maurel & Pierre Schaus, 2018, "Global Migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography," LIDAM Discussion Papers IRES, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES), number 2018003, Feb.
• Craigie, Terry-Ann & Myers, Samuel L. & Darity, William A., 2018, "Racial Differences In The Effect Of Marriageable Males On Female Family Headship," Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, volume 84, issue 3, pages 231-256, September.
• Heijdra, Ben J. & Reijnders, Laurie S. M., 2018, "Longevity shocks with age-dependent productivity growth," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, volume 17, issue 2, pages 200-230, April.
• Werding, Martin & Primorac, Marko, 2018, "Old-age provision in transition: the case of Croatia," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, volume 17, issue 4, pages 576-593, October.
• Matteo BELLITTO & Mario COCCIA, 2018, "Interrelationships between Violent crime, demographic and socioeconomic factors: a preliminary analysis between Central-Northern European countries and Mediterranean countries," Journal of Economic and Social Thought, EconSciences Journals, volume 5, issue 3, pages 230-246, September.
• Lueger, Tim, 2018, "A VAR Evaluation of Classical Growth Theory," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL), Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL), number 97403, Mar.
• Sylvia Zarkova, 2018, "Regional Disparities In Bulgaria Today: Economic, Social, And Demographic Challenges," Economic Archive, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 3 Year 20, pages 44-54.
• Силвия Заркова, 2018, "Регионалните Различия В Съвременна България: Икономически, Социални И Демографски Предизвикателства," Economic Archive, D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 3 Year 20, pages 51-63.
• Leopoldo Tornarolli & Matías Ciaschi & Luciana Galeano, 2018, "Income Distribution in Latin America. The Evolution in the Last 20 Years: A Global Approach," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0234, Sep.
• Zouhair Aït Benhamou & Lesly Cassin, 2018, "The effects of migration and remittances on development and capital in Caribbean Small Island Developing States," EconomiX Working Papers, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX, number 2018-41.
• Derrien, François & Kecskes, Ambrus & Nguyen, Phuong-Anh, 2018, "Labor Force Demographics and Corporate Innovation," HEC Research Papers Series, HEC Paris, number 1243, Apr.
• Thomas TB Baudin & David De la Croix & Paula Eugenia Gobbi, 2018, "Endogenous Childlessness and Stages of Development," Working Papers ECARES, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2018-04, Jan.
• Bastien Chabé-Ferret & Paula Eugenia Gobbi, 2018, "Economics Uncertainty and Fertility Cycles: The Case of the Post-WWII Baby Boom," Working Papers ECARES, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2018-19, Jul.
• Nerlich, Carolin & Schroth, Joachim, 2018, "The economic impact of population ageing and pension reforms," Economic Bulletin Articles, European Central Bank, volume 2.
• Nerlich, Carolin, 2018, "The 2018 Ageing Report: population ageing poses tough fiscal challenges," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 4.
• Bodnár, Katalin, 2018, "Compositional changes behind the growth in euro area employment during the recovery," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 8.
• Nicolas Afflatet, 2018, "The Impact of Population Ageing on Public Debt: A Panel Data Analysis for 18 European Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, volume 8, issue 4, pages 68-77.
• Adalat Muradov & Yadulla Hasanli & Nazim Hajiyev & Rovshan Akbarov, 2018, "Modelling the Impact of the Solar Activity on Demographic and Economic Indicators," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 8, issue 4, pages 120-124.
• Shah, Imran Hussain & Hiles, Charlie & Morley, Bruce, 2018, "How do oil prices, macroeconomic factors and policies affect the market for renewable energy?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, volume 215, issue C, pages 87-97, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.084.
• Gull, Ammar Ali & Nekhili, Mehdi & Nagati, Haithem & Chtioui, Tawhid, 2018, "Beyond gender diversity: How specific attributes of female directors affect earnings management," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, volume 50, issue 3, pages 255-274, DOI: 10.1016/j.bar.2017.09.001.
• Hwang, Jisoo & Park, Seonyoung & Shin, Donggyun, 2018, "Two birds with one stone: Female labor supply, fertility, and market childcare," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 90, issue C, pages 171-193, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2018.02.008.
• Jaeggi, Adrian & Legge, Stefan & Schmid, Lukas, 2018, "Dyadic value distance: Determinants and consequences," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 165, issue C, pages 48-53, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.022.
• McGovern, Mark E. & Canning, David & Bärnighausen, Till, 2018, "Accounting for non-response bias using participation incentives and survey design: An application using gift vouchers," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 171, issue C, pages 239-244, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.07.040.
• Börsch-Supan, Axel & Härtl, Klaus & Leite, Duarte N., 2018, "Earnings test, non-actuarial adjustments and flexible retirement," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 173, issue C, pages 78-83, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.09.020.
• Kozlov, Vladimir A. & Rosenberg, Dina Y., 2018, "Institutional deficit and health outcomes in post-communist states," Economic Systems, Elsevier, volume 42, issue 1, pages 119-131, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.05.006.
• Ge, Suqin & Yang, Dennis Tao & Zhang, Junsen, 2018, "Population policies, demographic structural changes, and the Chinese household saving puzzle," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 101, issue C, pages 181-209, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.09.008.
• Alessie, Rob & Angelini, Viola & Mierau, Jochen O. & Viluma, Laura, 2018, "Economic downturns and infant health," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, volume 30, issue C, pages 162-171, DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.005.
• Gobbi, Paula E., 2018, "Childcare and commitment within households," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, volume 176, issue C, pages 503-551, DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.04.010.
• d'Albis, Hippolyte & Greulich, Angela & Ponthiere, Gregory, 2018, "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, volume 177, issue C, pages 461-494, DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.07.004.
• Howdon, Daniel & Rice, Nigel, 2018, "Health care expenditures, age, proximity to death and morbidity: Implications for an ageing population," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, volume 57, issue C, pages 60-74, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.11.001.
• Cooper, Daniel & Luengo-Prado, María José, 2018, "Household formation over time: Evidence from two cohorts of young adults," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, volume 41, issue C, pages 106-123, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhe.2018.06.002.
• Prettner, Klaus & Strulik, Holger, 2018, "Trade and productivity: The family connection redux," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 56, issue C, pages 276-291, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2018.04.002.
• Gustman, Alan L. & Steinmeier, Thomas L. & Tabatabai, Nahid, 2018, "A structural analysis of the effects of the Great Recession on retirement and working longer by members of two-earner households," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, volume 12, issue C, pages 175-182, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.05.003.
• Fenge, Robert & Peglow, François, 2018, "Decomposition of demographic effects on the german pension system," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, volume 12, issue C, pages 61-76, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.01.001.
• Lyons, Angela C. & Grable, John E. & Joo, So-Hyun, 2018, "A cross-country analysis of population aging and financial security," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, volume 12, issue C, pages 96-117, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.001.
• Tano, Sofia & Nakosteen, Robert & Westerlund, Olle & Zimmer, Michael, 2018, "Youth-age characteristics as precursors of power couple formation and location choice," Labour Economics, Elsevier, volume 52, issue C, pages 98-111, DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2018.04.005.
• Dettling, Lisa J. & Hsu, Joanne W., 2018, "Returning to the nest: Debt and parental co-residence among young adults," Labour Economics, Elsevier, volume 54, issue C, pages 225-236, DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.006.
• Bethmann, Dirk, 2018, "An improvement to Jensen’s inequality and its application to mating market clearing when paternity is uncertain," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, volume 91, issue C, pages 71-74, DOI: 10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2017.08.004.
• Gagnon, Etienne & Johannsen, Benjamin K. & López-Salido, David, 2018, "Comment on the demographic deficit," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 93, issue C, pages 63-67, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2017.11.006.
• Alon, Titan & Berger, David & Dent, Robert & Pugsley, Benjamin, 2018, "Older and slower: The startup deficit’s lasting effects on aggregate productivity growth," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 93, issue C, pages 68-85, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2017.10.004.
• Auerbach, Alan & Kueng, Lorenz & Lee, Ronald & Yatsynovich, Yury, 2018, "Propagation and smoothing of shocks in alternative social security systems," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 164, issue C, pages 91-105, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.05.012.
• Cruz, Marcio & Ahmed, S. Amer, 2018, "On the impact of demographic change on economic growth and poverty," World Development, Elsevier, volume 105, issue C, pages 95-106, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.018.
• Pavel Ciaian & Andrey Ivanov & d’Artis Kancs, 2018, "Long-run Economic, Budgetary and Fiscal Effects of Roma Integration Policies," EERI Research Paper Series, Economics and Econometrics Research Institute (EERI), Brussels, number EERI RP 2018/12, Dec.
• Rod Tyers & Yixiao Zhou, 2018, "Deflation Forces and Inequality," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2018-15, Apr.
• Lanz, Bruno & Dietz, Simon & Swanson, Timothy, 2018, "Global economic growth and agricultural land conversion under uncertain productivity improvements in agriculture," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 85638, Mar.
• Inwood, Kris & Minns, Chris & Summerfield, Fraser, 2018, "Occupational income scores and immigration assimilation. Evidence from the Canadian census," Economic History Working Papers, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History, number 91317, Dec.
• PaweÅ‚ A. Strzelecki, 2018, "Sustainable pension reforms: what can we learn from the experiences of Poland and other EU countries?," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 13, in: Ewald Nowotny & Doris Ritzberger-Grünwald & Helene Schuberth, "Structural Reforms for Growth and Cohesion".
• Pierre Rostan & Alexandra Rostan, 2018, "Will Saudi Arabia get older? Will its pension system be sustainable? Spectral answers," PSU Research Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 2, issue 3, pages 189-205, April, DOI: 10.1108/PRR-12-2017-0045.
• Teresa Ghilarducci & Siavash Radpour & Anthony Webb, 2018, "New Evidence on the Effect of Economic Shocks on Retirement Plan Withdrawals," SCEPA working paper series., Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA), The New School, number 2018-03, Nov.
• Alejandra Macías Sánchez & Héctor Juan Villarreal Páez, 2018, "Sostenibilidad del gasto público: Cobertura y financiamiento de enfermedades crónicas en México. (Public Spending Sustainability: Coverage and Financing of Chronic Diseases in Mexico)," Ensayos Revista de Economia, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Economia, volume 0, issue 1, pages 99-134, May.
• V.P. Samarina & T.P. Skufina & A.V. Samarin, 2018, "Russia\'s North Regions as Frontier Territories: Demographic Indicators and Management Features," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, volume 0, issue 3, pages 705-716.
• Paulus, Alari & Dolls, Mathias & Doorley, Karina & Sommer, Eric & Schneider, Hilmar, 2018, "Demographic change and the European income distribution," EUROMOD Working Papers, EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research, number EM9/18, Apr.
• Selahattin Ä°MROHOROÄžLU & Sagiri KITAO & Tomoaki YAMADA, 2018, "Fiscal Sustainability in Japan: What to tackle?," Discussion papers, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), number 18064, Sep.
• Angel de la Fuente & Miguel Angel García Díaz & Alfonso R. Sánchez, 2018, "La salud financiera del sistema público de pensiones español: proyecciones de largo plazo y factores de riesgo," Policy Papers, FEDEA, number 2018-03, Mar.
• Thu Hien DAO & Frédéric DOCQUIER & Mathilde MAUREL & Pierre SCHAUS, 2018, "Global Migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography," Working Papers, FERDI, number P223, Mar.
• Thu Hien DAO & Frédéric DOCQUIER & Mathilde MAUREL & Pierre SCHAUS, 2018, "Global Migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography," Working Papers, FERDI, number P223, Mar.
• Pia M. Orrenius & Madeline Zavodny, 2018, "Hispanics in the U.S. Labor Market: A Tale of Three Generations," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, number 1809, May, DOI: 10.24149/wp1809.
• Tomaz Cajner & Leland D. Crane & Ryan A. Decker & Adrian Hamins-Puertolas & Christopher J. Kurz & Tyler Radler, 2018, "Using Payroll Processor Microdata to Measure Aggregate Labor Market Activity," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2018-005, Jan, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2018.005.
• Jordan Rappaport, 2018, "The Faster Growth of Larger, Less Crowded Locations," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, issue Q IV, pages 5-38, DOI: 10.18651/ER/4q18Rappaport.
• Guillaume Vandenbroucke, 2018, "The Baby Boomers and the Productivity Slowdown," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, number 2018-37, Dec, DOI: 10.20955/wp.2018.037.
• Joanna Tyrowicz & Magdalena Smyk & Lucas van der Velde, 2018, "A cautionary note on the reliability of the online survey data - the case of Wage Indicator," GRAPE Working Papers, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics, number 26.
• Johan Duyck & Jean-Marc Paul & Marie Vandresse, 2018, "Working Paper 01-18 - Perspectives démographiques 2016-2060 : analyses de sensibilité, scénarios alternatifs et effets budgétaires et sociaux
  [Working Paper 01-18 - Demografische vooruitzichten 2016-2060 : gevoeligheidsanalyses, alternatieve s," Working Papers, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium, number 201801, Feb.
• Marie Vandresse, 2018, "Working Paper 07-18 - Multiregional Population Projection Model at the EU level," Working Papers, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium, number 201807, Jun.
• Giovanni Andrea Cornia, 2018, "Eradicating Poverty by 2030: Implications for Income Inequality, Population Policies, Food Prices (and Faster Growth?)," Working Papers - Economics, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Economia e l'Impresa, number wp2018_09.rdf.
• Florinskaya Yulia & Mkrtchian Nikita & Zubarevich Natalia & Mikhailova Tatiana & Levashenko A. & Koval A. & Aksyuk S., 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 1, pages 1-27, January.
• Idrisov Georgy & Bobylev Yuri & Florinskaya Yulia & Mkrtchian Nikita & Kaukin Andrey & Miller Evgenia & Zhemkova A., 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 22, pages 1-19, December.
• Bobylev Yuri & Khromov Mikhail & Tsukhlo Sergey & Khasanova Ramilya & Tretiakova Elena & Osmakov Vasiliy, 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 1-25, March.
• Florinskaya Yulia & Mkrtchian Nikita & Zubarevich Natalia & Mikhailova Tatiana & Levashenko A. & Koval A. & Aksyuk S., 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 1, pages 1-27, January.
• Idrisov Georgy & Bobylev Yuri & Florinskaya Yulia & Mkrtchian Nikita & Miller Evgenia & Zhemkova A., 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 22, pages 1-18, December.
• Bobylev Yuri & Tsukhlo Sergey & Khasanova Ramilya & Tretiakova Elena & Osmakov Vasiliy, 2018, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 1-20, March.
• Avraamova Elena & Loginov Dmitry & Grishina Elena & Florinskaya Yulia & Mkrtchian Nikita & Lyashok Viktor & Burdyak Alexandra & Maleva Tatiana & Poliakova Aleksandra & Eliseeva Marina, 2018, "Social Sphere in Russia in 2017," Published Papers, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, number ppaper-2018-319, revised 2018.
• Masaya Yasuoka, 2018, "Money and Pay-As-You-Go Pension," Economies, MDPI, volume 6, issue 2, pages 1-15, March.
• George Akpandjar & Conrad Puozaa & Peter Quartey, 2018, "Explaining Fertility Variation in Rural Communities: The Role of Electricity in Ghana," Economies, MDPI, volume 6, issue 3, pages 1-13, July.
• Marta Pascual-Sáez & David Cantarero-Prieto & María González-Diego, 2018, "Testing the effect of population ageing on national saving rates: panel data evidence from Europe," Working Papers. Collection B: Regional and sectoral economics, Universidade de Vigo, GEN - Governance and Economics research Network, number 1803, Mar.
• Sumner La Croix, 2018, "The Khoikhoi Population, 1652-1780: A Review of the Evidence and Two New Estimates," Working Papers, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics, number 201802, Mar.
• Thu Hien Dao & Frédéric Docquier & Mathilde Maurel & Pierre Schaus, 2018, "Global Migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers), HAL, number hal-01743799, Mar.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, Fertility and Childbearing Age: A Unified Growth Theory," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers), HAL, number halshs-01848098, Jul.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers), HAL, number halshs-01883583, Sep, DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.07.004.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Elodie Djemaï, 2018, "Évolutions démographiques et marché de l'immobilier neuf," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-01707053, Feb.
• Thu Hien Dao & Frédéric Docquier & Mathilde Maurel & Pierre Schaus, 2018, "Global Migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries: the Unstoppable Force of Demography," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-01743799, Mar.
• David de La Croix & Paula Gobbi & Thomas Baudin, 2018, "Endogenous childlessness and the stages of development," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-01817987, Nov.
• Ammar Ali Gull & Mehdi Nekhili & Haithem Nagati & Tawhid Chtioui, 2018, "Beyond gender diversity: How specific attributes of female directors affect earnings management," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-02380599, Apr, DOI: 10.1016/j.bar.2017.09.001.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," Post-Print, HAL, number halshs-01883583, Sep, DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.07.004.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Elodie Djemaï, 2018, "Évolutions démographiques et marché de l'immobilier neuf," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint), HAL, number hal-01707053, Feb.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, fertility and childbearing age: A Unified Growth Theory," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint), HAL, number halshs-01883583, Sep, DOI: 10.1016/j.jet.2018.07.004.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, Fertility and Childbearing Age: A Unified Growth Theory," PSE Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-01848098, Jul.
• Zsofia Barany & Nicolas Coeurdacier & Stéphane Guibaud, 2018, "Capital Flows in an Aging World," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main), HAL, number hal-03393116, Dec.
• Zsofia Barany & Nicolas Coeurdacier & Stéphane Guibaud, 2018, "Capital Flows in an Aging World," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-03393116, Dec.
• Zouhair Aït Benhamou & Lesly Cassin, 2018, "The effects of migration and remittances on development and capital in Caribbean Small Island Developing States," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-04141685.
• Hippolyte d'Albis & Angela Greulich & Grégory Ponthière, 2018, "Development, Fertility and Childbearing Age: A Unified Growth Theory," Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-01848098, Jul.
• Jean-Olivier Hairault & François Langot & Thepthida Sopraseuth, 2018, "Unemployment fluctuations over the life cycle," Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-01922680, Nov.
• Vanella, Patrizio & Deschermeier, Philipp, 2018, "A Principal Component Simulation of Age-Specific Fertility - Impacts of Family and Social Policy on Reproductive Behavior in Germany," Hannover Economic Papers (HEP), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, number dp-630, Apr.
• Vanella, Patrizio & Deschermeier, Philipp, 2018, "A Probabilistic Cohort-Component Model for Population Forecasting - The Case of Germany," Hannover Economic Papers (HEP), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, number dp-638, Sep.
• Vasiliki Fouka & Soumyajit Mazumder & Marco Tabellini, 2018, "From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation during the Great Migration," Harvard Business School Working Papers, Harvard Business School, number 19-018, Aug, revised Jun 2019.
• Antonio Fidalgo, 2018, "Testing for normality in truncated anthropometric samples," Working Papers, European Historical Economics Society (EHES), number 0142, Dec.
• 岩﨑, 一郎 & 雲, 和広, 2018, "ロシア地域出生率の動態と決定要因 : 動学的パネルデータ分析," RRC Working Paper Series, Russian Research Center, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, number 78, Sep.
• Edoardo Ciscato, 2018, "Marriage, Divorce and Wage Uncertainty along the Life-cycle," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-046, Jul.
• Sunha Myong & JungJae Park & Junjian Yi, 2018, "Social Norms and Fertility," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2018-064, Sep.
• Camelia – Elena IVAN, 2018, "Workflow in the Republic of Moldova," Hyperion Economic Journal, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Hyperion University of Bucharest, Romania, volume 6, issue 1, pages 17-26, March.
• Joanna Tyrowicz & Krzysztof Makarski, 2018, "On Welfare Effects of Increasing Retirement Age," IAAEU Discussion Papers, Institute of Labour Law and Industrial Relations in the European Union (IAAEU), number 201804, Apr.
• Corina DINCULESCU, 2018, "Young People In The Rural Area – Demographic Trends And Milestones In The Last 25 Years," Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Institute of Agricultural Economics, volume 15, issue 2, pages 243-259.
• Alina Ligia Dumitrescu, 2018, "The Phenomenon Of Migration In The European Union," Revista de Economie Mondiala / The Journal of Global Economics, Institute for World Economy, Romanian Academy, volume 10, issue 2, pages 82-96.
• Davoine, Thomas, 2018, "Population aging and cross-country redistribution in integrated capital markets," Economics Series, Institute for Advanced Studies, number 337, Feb.
• Ross Richardson & Lia Pacelli & Ambra Poggi & Matteo Richiardi, 2018, "Female Labour Force Projections Using Microsimulation for Six EU Countries," International Journal of Microsimulation, International Microsimulation Association, volume 11, issue 2, pages 5-51.
• Benjamin Hilgenstock & Zsoka Koczan, 2018, "Storm Clouds Ahead? Migration and Labor Force Participation Rates in Europe," IMF Working Papers, International Monetary Fund, number 2018/148, Jun.
• Mr. Francesco Grigoli & Zsoka Koczan & Petia Topalova, 2018, "Drivers of Labor Force Participation in Advanced Economies: Macro and Micro Evidence," IMF Working Papers, International Monetary Fund, number 2018/150, Jun.
• Florin Marius PAVELESCU, 2018, "The Dynamics of Human Development in Romania during the 1899-1999 Period," Romanian Journal of Economics, Institute of National Economy, volume 47, issue 2(56), pages 49-70, December.
• Abdoulaye Ouedraogo & Mehmet S. Tosun & Jingjing Yang, 2018, "Fertility and population policy," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, volume 42, issue 1, pages 21-43, DOI: 10.3326/pse.42.1.2.
• Manuel Guerra & João Pereira & Miguel St. Aubyn, 2018, "An Horizontal Innovation Growth Model with Endogenous Time Allocation and Non-Stable Demography," Working Papers REM, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa, number 2018/60, Nov.
• Bhalotra, Sonia R. & Kambhampati, Uma & Rawlings, Samantha & Siddique, Zahra, 2018, "Intimate Partner Violence and the Business Cycle," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11274, Jan.
• Emerson, Patrick M. & Knabb, Shawn D., 2018, "Demographic Uncertainty and Generational Consumption Risk with Endogenous Human Capital," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11358, Feb.
• Asali, Muhammad, 2018, "A Tale of Two Academic Tracks," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11423, Mar.
• Dolls, Mathias & Doorley, Karina & Paulus, Alari & Schneider, Hilmar & Sommer, Eric, 2018, "Demographic Change and the European Income Distribution," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11440, Mar.
• Makarski, Krzysztof & Tyrowicz, Joanna, 2018, "On Welfare Effects of Increasing Retirement Age," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11441, Mar.
• East, Chloe N. & Luck, Philip & Mansour, Hani & Velasquez, Andrea, 2018, "The Labor Market Effects of Immigration Enforcement," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11486, Apr.
• Bauernschuster, Stefan & Driva, Anastasia & Hornung, Erik, 2018, "Bismarck's Health Insurance and the Mortality Decline," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11628, Jun.
• Bloom, David E. & McKenna, Matthew J. & Prettner, Klaus, 2018, "Demography, Unemployment, Automation, and Digitalization: Implications for the Creation of (Decent) Jobs, 2010–2030," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11739, Aug.
• Myong, Sunha & Park, JungJae & Yi, Junjian, 2018, "Social Norms and Fertility," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11744, Aug.
• Hernández Catañeda, Adriana & Sorensen, Todd A., 2018, "Changing Sex-Ratios among Immigrant Communities in the U.S," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11836, Sep.
• Bloom, David E. & Canning, David & Kotschy, Rainer & Prettner, Klaus & Schünemann, Johannes, 2018, "Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11940, Nov.
• García-Suaza, Andrés & Otero, Jesus & Winkelmann, Rainer, 2018, "Early Career Research Production in Economics: Does Mentoring Matter?," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 11976, Nov.
• Michael Wyrwich, 2018, "Migration restrictions and long-term regional development: evidence from large-scale expulsions of Germans after World War II," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2018-002, Jan.
• Ciaian, Pavel & Ivanov, Andrey & Kancs, d'Artis, 2018, "Long-run Economic, Budgetary and Fiscal Effects of Roma Integration Policies," JRC Working Papers in Economics and Finance, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, number 2018-07, Nov.
• Alvarez-Dias, Marcos & D'Hombres, Beatrice & Ghisetti, Claudia & Pontarollo, Nicola & Dijkstra, Lewis, 2018, "The Determinants of Population Growth: Literature review and empirical analysis," JRC Working Papers in Economics and Finance, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, number 2018-10, Nov.
• Masaya Yasuoka, 2018, "Fertility, Income Growth and Inflation," Discussion Paper Series, School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University, number 182, Jul, revised Jul 2018.
• Shoichi Sasaki, 2018, "Labor Market Inequality and Marital Segregation in East Asia," Discussion Papers, Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University, number 1822, Jun.
• László, Csaba, 2018, "A magánnyugdíjpénztári rendszer "elszámolása"
  ["Reckoning up" the private pension system]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), volume 0, issue 9, pages 861-902, DOI: 10.18414/KSZ.2018.9.861.
• Mihályi, Péter, 2018, "Kiegészítő megjegyzések László Csaba A magánnyugdíjpénztári rendszer "elszámolása" című tanulmányához
  [Additional notes on Csaba Lászlós paper "Reckoning up" the private pension system]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), volume 0, issue 11, pages 1187-1190, DOI: 10.18414/KSZ.2018.11.1187.
• Edwin Javier Santamaría Freire & Fabián Mauricio Bayas Vásconez, 2018, "Efecto económico de la actividad turística en la Provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador," Revista Ciencias Administrativas (CADM), IIA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones Administrativas, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, issue 11, pages 15-26, January-J, DOI: 10.24215/23143738e016.
• Thomas Masterson, 2018, "Black Employment Trends since the Great Recession," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_915, Sep.
• Kotschy, Rainer & Sunde, Uwe, 2018, "Can education compensate the effect of population ageing on macroeconomic performance?," Munich Reprints in Economics, University of Munich, Department of Economics, number 62876.
• Geoffrey J.D. Hewings, 2018, "The Challenge for Regional Development," Working Papers, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Department of Economics, number 2018-002, Jul.
• Frank T. Denton & Byron G. Spencer, 2018, "The Differential Effects of Population Aging on Provincial GDP per capita and the Role of Productivity Growth as a Possible offset," Department of Economics Working Papers, McMaster University, number 2018-04, Jan.
• Börsch-Supan, Axel & Härtl, Klaus & Leite, Duarte Nuno & Ludwig, Alexander, 2018, "Endogenous Retirement Behavior of Heterogeneous Households Under Pension Reforms," MEA discussion paper series, Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, number 201804, Apr.
• Joonkyung Ha & Sang-Hyop Lee, 2018, "Population Aging and the Possibility of a Middle-Income Trap in Asia," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 54, issue 6, pages 1225-1238, May, DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2018.1429263.
• Robert Haveman & Kathryn Wilson, 2018, "Toward Understanding the Relationship of Temporal Changes in Demographic Structure to Changes in U.S. Poverty," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, volume 74, issue 1, pages 144-157, March, DOI: 10.1628/001522118X15123891774237.
• Yoshiaki Murakami & Naomi Kodama & Yoshio Higuchi, 2018, "Estimates of the Future Number of Companies by Region," Public Policy Review, Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance Japan, volume 14, issue 1, pages 81-114, February.
• Molly P. Howell & Christopher C. Klein, 2018, "Connecting Cultural Gender Norms and National Prosperity," Journal for Economic Educators, Middle Tennessee State University, Business and Economic Research Center, volume 18, issue 1, pages 33-38, Spring.
• Aleksandra Kolasa, 2018, "Macroeconomic consequences of the demographic and educational transition in Poland," NBP Working Papers, Narodowy Bank Polski, number 281.
• Marcin Bielecki & Michał Brzoza-Brzezina & Marcin Kolasa, 2018, "Demographics, monetary policy, and the zero lower bound," NBP Working Papers, Narodowy Bank Polski, number 284.
• Ye Jin Heo, 2018, "Population aging and housing prices: who are we calling old?," NBP Working Papers, Narodowy Bank Polski, number 288.
• Ana Aizcorbe & Colin Baker & Ernst R. Berndt & David M. Cutler, 2018, "Measuring and Modeling Health Care Costs," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number aizc13-1, August.
• Alain Jousten & Mathieu Lefebvre, 2018, "Older Men’s Labor Force Participation in Belgium," NBER Chapters, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, "Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Working Longer".
• Christopher J. Ruhm, 2018, "Deaths of Despair or Drug Problems?," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24188, Jan.
• John B. Donaldson & Christos Koulovatianos & Jian Li & Rajnish Mehra, 2018, "Demographics and FDI: Lessons from China's One-Child Policy," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24256, Jan.
• Axel H. Börsch-Supan & Klaus Härtl & Duarte N. Leite, 2018, "Earnings Test, Non-actuarial Adjustments and Flexible Retirement," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24294, Feb.
• Kasey Buckles & Daniel Hungerman & Steven Lugauer, 2018, "Is Fertility a Leading Economic Indicator?," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24355, Feb.
• Daron Acemoglu & Pascual Restrepo, 2018, "Demographics and Automation," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24421, Mar.
• Alain Jousten & Mathieu Lefebvre, 2018, "Older Men’s Labor Force Participation in Belgium," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24669, May.
• David E. Bloom & Mathew McKenna & Klaus Prettner, 2018, "Demography, Unemployment, Automation, and Digitalization: Implications for the Creation of (Decent) Jobs, 2010–2030," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24835, Jul.
• Kevin Milligan & Tammy Schirle, 2018, "The Evolution of Longevity: Evidence from Canada," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 24929, Aug.
• Barry Eichengreen & Rebecca Mari & Gregory Thwaites, 2018, "Will Brexit Age Well? Cohorts, Seasoning and the Age-Leave Gradient, Past, Present and Future," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 25219, Nov.
• Frank R. Lichtenberg, 2018, "The Long-run Impact of New Medical Ideas on Cancer Survival and Mortality," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 25328, Dec.
• Hugo Hopenhayn & Julian Neira & Rish Singhania, 2018, "From Population Growth to Firm Demographics: Implications for Concentration, Entrepreneurship and the Labor Share," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 25382, Dec.
• Rajnish Mehra & John Donaldson & Christos Koulovatianos & Jian Li, 2018, "Demographics and FDI: Lessons from China’s One-Child Policy," NCAER Working Papers, National Council of Applied Economic Research, number 112, Jan.

2017

• Malene Kallestrup-Lamb & Carsten P.T. Rosenskjold, 2017, "Insight into the Female Longevity Puzzle: Using Register Data to Analyse Mortality and Cause of Death Behaviour Across Socio-economic Groups," CREATES Research Papers, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, number 2017-08, Feb.
• Daron Acemoglu & Pascual Restrepo, 2017, "Secular Stagnation? The Effect of Aging on Economic Growth in the Age of Automation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 107, issue 5, pages 174-179, May.
• Anouch Missirian & Wolfram Schlenker, 2017, "Asylum Applications and Migration Flows," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 107, issue 5, pages 436-440, May.
• Joyce J. Chen & Valerie Mueller & Yuanyuan Jia & Steven Kuo-Hsin Tseng, 2017, "Validating Migration Responses to Flooding Using Satellite and Vital Registration Data," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 107, issue 5, pages 441-445, May.
• Javier Baez & German Caruso & Valerie Mueller & Chiyu Niu, 2017, "Heat Exposure and Youth Migration in Central America and the Caribbean," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 107, issue 5, pages 446-450, May.
• Mark D. Partridge & Bo Feng & Mark Rembert, 2017, "Improving Climate-Change Modeling of US Migration," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 107, issue 5, pages 451-455, May.
• Ran Abramitzky & Leah Boustan, 2017, "Immigration in American Economic History," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, volume 55, issue 4, pages 1311-1345, December.
• Junsen Zhang, 2017, "The Evolution of China's One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 31, issue 1, pages 141-160, Winter.
• Douglas W. Elmendorf & Louise M. Sheiner, 2017, "Federal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 31, issue 3, pages 175-194, Summer.
• Tiloka de Silva & Silvana Tenreyro, 2017, "Population Control Policies and Fertility Convergence," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 31, issue 4, pages 205-228, Fall.
• Ion Pohoata & Gabriel Cariman & Vladimir-Mihai Crupenschi, 2017, "Demographic Optimum in the Context of Migration. The German Case," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 19, issue 46, pages 654-654, August.
• Teodora Cristina Barbu & Mariana Vu?a & Adina Ionela Strachinaru & Sorin Iulian Cioaca, 2017, "An Assessment of the Immigration Impact on the International Housing Price," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 19, issue 46, pages 682-682, August.
• Marta-Christina Suciu & Cristina Andreea Florea, 2017, "An Empirical Study on the Migration Among Young Skilled and Creative People," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 19, issue 46, pages 727-727, August.
• Mirela Stoian & Georgiana-Raluca Ladaru & Florian Marin, 2017, "Unemployment and the Migration of the Romanian Labour Force. Causes and Effects," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 19, issue 46, pages 901-901, August.
• Claude Diebolt & Gabriele Franzmann & Ralph Hippe & Jürgen Sensch, 2017, "The Power of Big Data: Historical Time Series on German Education," Working Papers, Association Française de Cliométrie (AFC), number 06-17.
• Alimi, Omoniyi B. & Mare, David C & Poot, Jacques, 2017, "More pensioners, less income inequality?," Motu Working Papers, Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, number 290524, Mar, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.290524.
• Xavier Raurich & Thomas Seegmuller, 2017, "Growth and Bubbles: The Interplay between Productive Investment and the Cost of Rearing Children," AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, number 1726.
• Hülya Şen & Kübra Yazıcı, 2017, "Investigation of Turkey's Provinces by Sexual Crimes," Alphanumeric Journal, Bahadir Fatih Yildirim, volume 5, issue 2, pages 293-308, December, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17093/alphanum.