IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ememar/v65y2025ics1566014125000111.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigation of emerging market stress under various frequency bands: Evidence from FX market uncertainty and liquidity

Author

Listed:
  • Gunay, Samet
  • Dömötör, Barbara
  • Víg, Attila András

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between Emerging Markets Financial Stress Index (EMFSI) and currency returns, uncertainty and liquidity of eight emerging economies, using MODWT, Wavelet Coherence, TVP-VAR analyses. The results indicate that interactions become more pronounced during political events rather than economic developments. Energy market developments also appear to be significant periods for the interaction of variables, especially for Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Finally, the findings related to investment horizon suggest that short-term spillovers may be linked to medium- to long-term correlations between the EMFSI and currency pairs. This could serve as an early warning for policymakers and investors.

Suggested Citation

  • Gunay, Samet & Dömötör, Barbara & Víg, Attila András, 2025. "Investigation of emerging market stress under various frequency bands: Evidence from FX market uncertainty and liquidity," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ememar:v:65:y:2025:i:c:s1566014125000111
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ememar.2025.101262
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566014125000111
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ememar.2025.101262?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kaminsky, Graciela L. & Reinhart, Carmen M., 2002. "Financial markets in times of stress," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(2), pages 451-470, December.
    2. Simplice Asongu & Uduak S. Akpan & Salisu R. Isihak, 2018. "Determinants of foreign direct investment in fast-growing economies: evidence from the BRICS and MINT countries," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 4(1), pages 1-17, December.
    3. Jozef Baruník & Matěj Nevrla, 2023. "Quantile Spectral Beta: A Tale of Tail Risks, Investment Horizons, and Asset Prices," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 21(5), pages 1590-1646.
    4. Kakran, Shubham & Bajaj, Parminder Kaur & Pandey, Dharen Kumar & Kumar, Ashish, 2025. "Interconnectedness and return spillover among APEC currency exchange rates: A time-frequency analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PA).
    5. Chkili, Walid & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2014. "Exchange rate movements and stock market returns in a regime-switching environment: Evidence for BRICS countries," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 46-56.
    6. Stephen Morris & Hyun Song Shin, 2004. "Liquidity Black Holes," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 8(1), pages 1-18.
    7. Helmut Lütkepohl, 1985. "Comparison Of Criteria For Estimating The Order Of A Vector Autoregressive Process," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(1), pages 35-52, January.
    8. Kang, Sanghoon & Hernandez, Jose Arreola & Sadorsky, Perry & McIver, Ronald, 2021. "Frequency spillovers, connectedness, and the hedging effectiveness of oil and gold for US sector ETFs," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    9. Peterson Owusu Junior & Imhotep Alagidede & George Tweneboah, 2020. "Shape-shift contagion in emerging markets equities: evidence from frequency- and time-domain analysis," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 9(3), pages 146-156.
    10. Vacha, Lukas & Barunik, Jozef, 2012. "Co-movement of energy commodities revisited: Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 241-247.
    11. Carmen M. Reinhart & Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2009. "The Aftermath of Financial Crises," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(2), pages 466-472, May.
    12. Frankel, Jeffrey & Saravelos, George, 2012. "Can leading indicators assess country vulnerability? Evidence from the 2008–09 global financial crisis," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 216-231.
    13. Lehkonen, Heikki & Heimonen, Kari, 2014. "Timescale-dependent stock market comovement: BRICs vs. developed markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 90-103.
    14. Frankel, Jeffrey A. & Rose, Andrew K., 1996. "Currency Crashes in Emerging Markets: Empirical Indicators," Center for International and Development Economics Research (CIDER) Working Papers 233424, University of California-Berkeley, Department of Economics.
    15. Antonio E. Bernardo & Ivo Welch, 2004. "Liquidity and Financial Market Runs," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 119(1), pages 135-158.
    16. Carmen M. Reinhart & Graciela L. Kaminsky, 1999. "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 473-500, June.
    17. Pham, Linh, 2021. "Frequency connectedness and cross-quantile dependence between green bond and green equity markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    18. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Gupta, Rangan, 2023. "Integration and risk transmission in the market for crude oil: New evidence from a time-varying parameter frequency connectedness approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    19. Feng, Yusen & Wang, Gang-Jin & Zhu, You & Xie, Chi, 2023. "Systemic risk spillovers and the determinants in the stock markets of the Belt and Road countries," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    20. Kremer, Manfred & Lo Duca, Marco & Holló, Dániel, 2012. "CISS - a composite indicator of systemic stress in the financial system," Working Paper Series 1426, European Central Bank.
    21. Cristina Cella & Andrew Ellul & Mariassunta Giannetti, 2013. "Investors' Horizons and the Amplification of Market Shocks," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(7), pages 1607-1648.
    22. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Oliyide, Johnson A., 2021. "How COVID-19 drives connectedness among commodity and financial markets: Evidence from TVP-VAR and causality-in-quantiles techniques," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    23. Illing, Mark & Liu, Ying, 2006. "Measuring financial stress in a developed country: An application to Canada," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 243-265, October.
    24. repec:ecb:ecbwps:20111426 is not listed on IDEAS
    25. Omane-Adjepong, Maurice & Ababio, Kofi Agyarko & Alagidede, Imhotep Paul, 2019. "Time-frequency analysis of behaviourally classified financial asset markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 54-69.
    26. Sydow, Matthias & Schilte, Aurore & Covi, Giovanni & Deipenbrock, Marija & Del Vecchio, Leonardo & Fiedor, Pawel & Fukker, Gábor & Gehrend, Max & Gourdel, Régis & Grassi, Alberto & Hilberg, Björn & Ka, 2024. "Shock amplification in an interconnected financial system of banks and investment funds," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    27. Poskitt, Russell, 2005. "Bid/ask spreads in the foreign exchange market: An alternative interpretation," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 562-583, November.
    28. Edina Berlinger & Barbara Dömötör & Ferenc Illés & Kata Váradi, 2016. "Stress Indicator for Clearing Houses," Central European Business Review, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2016(4), pages 47-60.
    29. Fulvio Ortu & Andrea Tamoni & Claudio Tebaldi, 2013. "Long-Run Risk and the Persistence of Consumption Shocks," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(11), pages 2876-2915.
    30. Momtchil Pojarliev, 2005. "Performance of Currency Trading Strategies in Developed and Emerging Markets: Some Striking Differences," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 19(3), pages 297-311, October.
    31. Coudert, Virginie & Couharde, Cécile & Mignon, Valérie, 2011. "Exchange rate volatility across financial crises," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 3010-3018, November.
    32. Leung, Henry & Schiereck, Dirk & Schroeder, Florian, 2017. "Volatility spillovers and determinants of contagion: Exchange rate and equity markets during crises," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 169-180.
    33. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Energy commodities, precious metals and industrial metal markets: A nexus across different investment horizons and market conditions," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    34. Park, Cyn-Young & Mercado, Rogelio V., 2014. "Determinants of financial stress in emerging market economies," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 199-224.
    35. Axel Hedström & Nathalie Zelander & Juha Junttila & Gazi Salah Uddin, 2020. "Emerging Market Contagion Under Geopolitical Uncertainty," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(6), pages 1377-1401, May.
    36. Walid, Chkili & Chaker, Aloui & Masood, Omar & Fry, John, 2011. "Stock market volatility and exchange rates in emerging countries: A Markov-state switching approach," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 272-292, September.
    37. Das, Suman & Roy, Saikat Sinha, 2023. "Following the leaders? A study of co-movement and volatility spillover in BRICS currencies," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 47(2).
    38. Apostolakis, George & Papadopoulos, Athanasios P., 2015. "Financial stress spillovers across the banking, securities and foreign exchange markets," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 1-21.
    39. Yang, Lu & Cai, Xiao Jing & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2017. "Does the crude oil price influence the exchange rates of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries differently? A wavelet coherence analysis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 536-547.
    40. Craig S. Hakkio & William R. Keeton, 2009. "Financial stress: what is it, how can it be measured, and why does it matter?," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, vol. 94(Q II), pages 5-50.
    41. Samet Gunay, 2016. "Is political risk still an issue for Turkish stock market?," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 16(1), pages 21-31, March.
    42. Ravi Balakrishnan & Stephan Danninger & Selim Elekdag & Irina Tytell, 2011. "The Transmission of Financial Stress from Advanced to Emerging Economies," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(0), pages 40-68, May.
    43. Dornbusch, Rudiger & Park, Yung Chul & Claessens, Stijn, 2000. "Contagion: Understanding How It Spreads," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 15(2), pages 177-197, August.
    44. Calvo, Sara & Reinhart, Carmen, 1996. "Capital flows to Latin America : Is there evidence of contagion effects?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1619, The World Bank.
    45. Pratap, Sangeeta & Lobato, Ignacio & Somuano, Alejandro, 2003. "Debt composition and balance sheet effects of exchange rate volatility in Mexico: a firm level analysis," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 450-471, December.
    46. Darrell Duffie, 2010. "Presidential Address: Asset Price Dynamics with Slow‐Moving Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 65(4), pages 1237-1267, August.
    47. Mensi, Walid & Aslan, Aylin & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2023. "Time-frequency spillovers and connectedness between precious metals, oil futures and financial markets: Hedge and safe haven implications," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 219-232.
    48. Miroslav Misina & Greg Tkacz, 2009. "Credit, Asset Prices, and Financial Stress," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 5(4), pages 95-122, December.
    49. Nidal Rashid Sabri, 2004. "Stock Return Volatility and Market Crisis In Emerging Economies," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 3(3), pages 59-83, March.
    50. Bessembinder, Hendrik, 1994. "Bid-ask spreads in the interbank foreign exchange markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 317-348, June.
    51. Firouzi, Shahrokh & Wang, Xiangning, 2019. "A comparative study of exchange rates and order flow based on wavelet transform coherence and cross wavelet transform," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 42-56.
    52. Jozef Baruník & Tomáš Křehlík, 2018. "Measuring the Frequency Dynamics of Financial Connectedness and Systemic Risk," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 271-296.
    53. Badshah, Ihsan & Bekiros, Stelios & Lucey, Brian M. & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2018. "Asymmetric linkages among the fear index and emerging market volatility indices," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 17-31.
    54. Bilson, Christopher M. & Brailsford, Timothy J. & Hooper, Vincent C., 2002. "The explanatory power of political risk in emerging markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 1-27.
    55. Yang, Yang & Zhang, Jiqiang, 2021. "Effects of monetary policy on the exchange rates: A Time-varying analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    56. Stijn Claessens & M. Ayhan Kose, 2013. "Financial Crises: Explanations, Types and Implications," CAMA Working Papers 2013-06, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    57. Guangxi Cao, 2012. "Time-Varying Effects of Changes in the Interest Rate and the RMB Exchange Rate on the Stock Market of China: Evidence from the Long-Memory TVP-VAR Model," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(0), pages 230-248, July.
    58. Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Time-frequency comovement among green bonds, stocks, commodities, clean energy, and conventional bonds," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    59. Bredin, Don & Conlon, Thomas & Potì, Valerio, 2015. "Does gold glitter in the long-run? Gold as a hedge and safe haven across time and investment horizon," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 320-328.
    60. Xingxing He & Korhan K. Gokmenoglu & Dervis Kirikkaleli & Syed Kumail Abbas Rizvi, 2023. "Co‐movement of foreign exchange rate returns and stock market returns in an emerging market: Evidence from the wavelet coherence approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(2), pages 1994-2005, April.
    61. Dimitrios Koutmos & James E. Payne, 2021. "Intertemporal asset pricing with bitcoin," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 619-645, February.
    62. Ozcelebi, Oguzhan, 2020. "Assessing the impacts of financial stress index of developed countries on the exchange market pressure index of emerging countries," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 288-302.
    63. Frankel, Jeffrey A. & Rose, Andrew K., 1996. "Currency crashes in emerging markets: An empirical treatment," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(3-4), pages 351-366, November.
    64. Kenourgios, Dimitris & Samitas, Aristeidis & Paltalidis, Nikos, 2011. "Financial crises and stock market contagion in a multivariate time-varying asymmetric framework," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 92-106, February.
    65. Jianping Mei & Limin Guo, 2004. "Political Uncertainty, Financial Crisis and Market Volatility," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 10(4), pages 639-657, December.
    66. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2020. "Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    67. Phillip J. Monin, 2019. "The OFR Financial Stress Index," Risks, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-21, February.
    68. Li, Houjian & Li, Yanjiao & Guo, Lili, 2023. "Extreme risk spillover effect and dynamic linkages between uncertainty and commodity markets: A comparison between China and America," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    69. Leung, Y. H. & Schröder, F. & Schiereck, D., 2017. "Volatility spillovers and determinants of contagion: Exchange rate and equity markets during crises," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 85069, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    70. Bouri, Elie & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Roubaud, David & Kristoufek, Ladislav & Lucey, Brian, 2020. "Bitcoin, gold, and commodities as safe havens for stocks: New insight through wavelet analysis," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 156-164.
    71. Chaker Aloui & Hela Ben Hamida, 2021. "Oil-stock Nexus in an Oil-rich Country: Does Geopolitical Risk Matter in Terms of Investment Horizons?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(4), pages 468-488, May.
    72. Christoph Lattemann, 2014. "On the convergence of corporate governance practices in emerging markets," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(2), pages 316-332, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Park, Cyn-Young & Mercado, Rogelio V., 2014. "Determinants of financial stress in emerging market economies," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 199-224.
    2. Mansour-Ichrakieh, Layal & Zeaiter, Hussein, 2019. "The role of geopolitical risks on the Turkish economy opportunity or threat," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    3. Hyeongwoo Kim & Wen Shi, 2021. "Forecasting financial vulnerability in the USA: A factor model approach," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(3), pages 439-457, April.
    4. Sun, Lixin & Huang, Yuqin, 2016. "Measuring the instability of China's financial system: Indices construction and an early warning system," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 10, pages 1-41.
    5. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Soo-Wah, Low & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Akhter, Tahmina, 2023. "Time and frequency domain connectedness and spillover among categorical and regional financial stress, gold and bitcoin market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    6. Hyeongwoo Kim & Wen Shi & Hyun Hak Kim, 2020. "Forecasting financial stress indices in Korea: a factor model approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(6), pages 2859-2898, December.
    7. Begüm Yurteri Kösedağlı & A. Özlem Önder, 2021. "Determinants of financial stress in emerging market economies: Are spatial effects important?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4653-4669, July.
    8. Bhattacherjee, Purba & Mishra, Sibanjan & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2024. "Extreme time-frequency connectedness across U.S. sector stock and commodity futures markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PB), pages 1176-1197.
    9. Layal MansourIshrakieh & Leila Dagher & Sadika El Hariri, 2020. "A financial stress index for a highly dollarized developing country : The case of Lebanon," Central Bank Review, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, vol. 20(2), pages 43-52.
    10. Truong, Chi & Sheen, Jeffrey & Trück, Stefan & Villafuerte, James, 2022. "Early warning systems using dynamic factor models: An application to Asian economies," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    11. Shang, Jin & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2024. "Quantile time-frequency connectedness analysis between crude oil, gold, financial markets, and macroeconomic indicators: Evidence from the US and EU," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    12. Apostolakis, George N. & Floros, Christos & Gkillas, Konstantinos & Wohar, Mark, 2021. "Financial stress, economic policy uncertainty, and oil price uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    13. Vašíček, Bořek & Žigraiová, Diana & Hoeberichts, Marco & Vermeulen, Robert & Šmídková, Kateřina & de Haan, Jakob, 2017. "Leading indicators of financial stress: New evidence," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 240-257.
    14. Evgenidis, Anastasios & Tsagkanos, Athanasios, 2017. "Asymmetric effects of the international transmission of US financial stress. A threshold-VAR approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 69-81.
    15. Yao, Xiaoyang & Le, Wei & Sun, Xiaolei & Li, Jianping, 2020. "Financial stress dynamics in China: An interconnectedness perspective," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 217-238.
    16. repec:pra:mprapa:99376 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Long, Shaobo & Li, Zixuan, 2023. "Dynamic spillover effects of global financial stress: Evidence from the quantile VAR network," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    18. Mansour Ishrakieh, Layal & Dagher, Leila & El Hariri, Sadika, 2018. "The Institute of Financial Economics Financial Stress Index (IFEFSI) for Lebanon," MPRA Paper 116054, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Stijn Claessens & M. Ayhan Kose, 2013. "Financial Crises: Explanations, Types and Implications," CAMA Working Papers 2013-06, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    20. Mohammad Karimi & Marcel‐Cristian Voia, 2019. "Empirics of currency crises: A duration analysis approach," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 428-449, July.
    21. Marcel Fratzscher, 2003. "On currency crises and contagion," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 8(2), pages 109-129.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ememar:v:65:y:2025:i:c:s1566014125000111. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620356 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.