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The Influence Of Social Forces: Evidence From The Behavior Of Football Referees

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Peter Dawson, 2014. "Refereeing and infringement of the rules," Chapters, in: John Goddard & Peter Sloane (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football, chapter 24, pages 401-418, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  2. Katherine G. Yewell & Steven B. Caudill & Franklin G. Mixon, Jr., 2014. "Referee Bias and Stoppage Time in Major League Soccer: A Partially Adaptive Approach," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 2(1), pages 1-19, February.
  3. Alma Cohen & Zvika Neeman & Florian Auferoth, 2024. "Judging under Public Pressure," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 106(1), pages 151-166, January.
  4. Dohmen, Thomas, 2014. "Behavioral labor economics: Advances and future directions," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 71-85.
  5. Paul Gift & Ryan M. Rodenberg, 2014. "Napoleon Complex," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 15(5), pages 541-558, October.
  6. Andrea Albanese & Stijn Baert & Olivier Verstraeten, 2020. "Twelve eyes see more than eight. Referee bias and the introduction of additional assistant referees in soccer," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, February.
  7. Bryson R. Pope & Nolan G. Pope, 2015. "Own-Nationality Bias: Evidence From Uefa Champions League Football Referees," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 53(2), pages 1292-1304, April.
  8. repec:lan:wpaper:3661 is not listed on IDEAS
  9. Ariel R Belasen & Alan T Belasen & Alexandre M Olbrecht, 2025. "With the Game on the (Betting) Line: NBA Referee Performance in the Last Two Minutes," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 26(8), pages 913-935, December.
  10. Anders Anne & Rotthoff Kurt W, 2011. "Yellow Cards: Do They Matter?," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, De Gruyter, vol. 7(1), pages 1-12, January.
  11. Rhett Brymer & Ryan M. Rodenberg & Huimiao Zheng & Tim R. Holcomb, 2021. "College Football Referee Bias and Sports Betting Impact," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 47(1), pages 91-106, January.
  12. Karol Kempa & Hannes Rusch, 2019. "Dissent, sabotage, and leader behaviour in contests: Evidence from European football," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(5), pages 500-514, July.
  13. Andrés J. Picazo-Tadeo & Francisco González-Gómez & Jorge Guardiola, 2011. "The importance of time in referee home bias due to social pressure. Evidence from Spanish football," FEG Working Paper Series 03/11, Faculty of Economics and Business (University of Granada).
  14. Gábor Békés & Endre Borza & Márton Fleck, 2024. "Favoritism under multiple sources of social pressure," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 62(4), pages 1748-1769, October.
  15. Dilger, Alexander & Vischer, Lars, 2020. "No home bias in ghost games [Kein Heimspielvorteil bei Geisterspielen]," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 7/2020, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
  16. Dawson, Peter & Dobson, Stephen, 2010. "The influence of social pressure and nationality on individual decisions: Evidence from the behaviour of referees," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 181-191, April.
  17. De Meyere, Arne & Vanruymbeke, Ward & Baert, Stijn, 2018. "Player Dismissal and Full Time Results in the UEFA Champions League and Europa League," IZA Discussion Papers 11722, IZA Network @ LISER.
  18. Böheim, René & Grübl, Dominik & Lackner, Mario, 2019. "Choking under pressure – Evidence of the causal effect of audience size on performance," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 76-93.
  19. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2020. "Betting Market Efficiency in the Presence of Unfamiliar Shocks: The Case of Ghost Games during the Covid-19 Pandemic," CESifo Working Paper Series 8526, CESifo.
  20. Emrich, Eike & Pierdzioch, Christian & Rullang, Christian, 2016. "For the love of football? Using economic models of volunteering to study the motives of German football referees," Working Papers of the European Institute for Socioeconomics 16, European Institute for Socioeconomics (EIS), Saarbrücken.
  21. David Butler & Robert Butler & Carl Singleton, 2026. "Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 27(2), pages 171-213, February.
  22. Christopher A. Parsons & Johan Sulaeman & Michael C. Yates & Daniel S. Hamermesh, 2011. "Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(4), pages 1410-1435, June.
  23. Kim, Chang Hyun & Lee, Kyung Yul & Kwon, Young Sun, 2022. "Does the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology mitigate referee bias in professional football leagues?," 31st European Regional ITS Conference, Gothenburg 2022: Reining in Digital Platforms? Challenging monopolies, promoting competition and developing regulatory regimes 265643, International Telecommunications Society (ITS).
  24. Scoppa, Vincenzo, 2021. "Social pressure in the stadiums: Do agents change behavior without crowd support?," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  25. Johannes Berger & Petra Nieken, 2016. "Heterogeneous Contestants and the Intensity of Tournaments," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 17(7), pages 631-660, October.
  26. Boto-García, David & Bucciol, Alessandro, 2025. "Peers’ performance feedback: Evidence from soccer penalty shootouts," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
  27. Liao, Pei-An & Zheng, Yun-Lin & Jane, Wen-Jhan, 2023. "Home Court Advantage and Referee Bias: Evidence from NBA Games Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic," Asian Journal of Applied Economics, Kasetsart University, Center for Applied Economics Research, vol. 30(2), July.
  28. Hiroshi Morita & Shota Araki, 2023. "Social pressure in football matches: an event study of ‘Remote Matches’ in Japan," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(11), pages 1522-1525, June.
  29. Kenneth Colombe & Alex Krumer & Rosa Lavelle-Hill & Tim Pawlowski, 2025. "Racial bias, colorism, and overcorrection," Papers 2508.10585, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2026.
  30. Mike Hsu, 2024. "Umpire Home Bias in Major League Baseball," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(4), pages 423-442, May.
  31. Nüesch Stephan & Haas Hartmut, 2012. "Empirical Evidence on the “Never Change a Winning Team” Heuristic," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 232(3), pages 247-257, June.
  32. Barry Reilly & Robert Witt, 2016. "Disciplinary Sanction and Social Pressure in English Premiership Soccer," Working Paper Series 08816, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
  33. Christian Deutscher & Marco Sahm & Sandra Schneemann & Hendrik Sonnabend, 2022. "Strategic investment decisions in multi-stage contests with heterogeneous players," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 93(2), pages 281-317, September.
  34. Seungwhan Chun & Sang Soo Park, 2021. "Home Advantage in Skeleton: Familiarity versus Crowd Support," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 22(1), pages 3-26, January.
  35. Barry Reilly & Robert Witt, 2016. "Disciplinary Sanction and Social Pressure in English Premiership Soccer," Working Paper Series 8816, Department of Economics, University of Sussex.
  36. D'avid Zolt'an Szab'o & Diego Andr'es P'erez, 2021. "Does home advantage without crowd exist in American football?," Papers 2104.11595, arXiv.org.
  37. Hlasny, V. & Kolaric, S., 2015. "Catch Me If You Can - Referee–Team Relationships and Disciplinary Cautions in Football," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 74994, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
  38. Ulrike Holder & Thomas Ehrmann & Arne König, 2022. "Monitoring experts: insights from the introduction of video assistant referee (VAR) in elite football," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(2), pages 285-308, February.
  39. Ryan Rodenberg, 2013. "Employee Discipline And Basketball Referees: A Prediction Market Approach," Journal of Prediction Markets, University of Buckingham Press, vol. 7(2), pages 43-54.
  40. Deal, Colin J. & Pankow, Kurtis & Chu, Theo A. & Pynn, Shannon R. & Smyth, Christine L. & Holt, Nicholas L., 2018. "A mixed methods analysis of disciplinary incidents in men’s soccer," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 72-85.
  41. Fang, Ximeng & Ho, Chui Yee, 2024. "The effect of transparency on subjective evaluations: Evidence from competitive figure skating," VfS Annual Conference 2024 (Berlin): Upcoming Labor Market Challenges 302427, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  42. Wen‐Jhan Jane, 2022. "Choking or excelling under pressure: Evidence of the causal effect of audience size on performance," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(1), pages 329-357, January.
  43. Pamela Wicker & John C. Whitehead & Bruce K. Johnson & Daniel S. Mason, 2017. "The effect of sporting success and management failure on attendance demand in the Bundesliga: a revealed and stated preference travel cost approach," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(52), pages 5287-5295, November.
  44. Vladimir Hlasny & Sascha Kolaric, 2017. "Catch Me If You Can," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 18(6), pages 560-591, August.
  45. Giacomo De Luca & Jeroen Schokkaert & Johan Swinnen, 2015. "Cultural Differences, Assimilation, and Behavior," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 16(5), pages 508-530, June.
  46. Rullang, Christian & Emrich, Eike & Pierdzioch, Christian, 2017. "Why do referees end their careers and which factors determine the duration of a referee's career?," Working Papers of the European Institute for Socioeconomics 19, European Institute for Socioeconomics (EIS), Saarbrücken.
  47. Michela Ponzo & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2018. "Does the Home Advantage Depend on Crowd Support? Evidence From Same-Stadium Derbies," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 19(4), pages 562-582, May.
  48. Bryson, Alex & Buraimo, Babatunde & Simmons, Rob, 2011. "Do salaries improve worker performance?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 424-433, August.
  49. Kocher, Martin G. & Sutter, Matthias, 2010. "Introduction to special issue "The Economics and Psychology of Football"," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 155-157, April.
  50. Wen‐Jhan Jane, 2023. "Hot hand or choking under pressure – Evidence from professional basketball," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(2), pages 223-254, May.
  51. Babatunde Buraimo & David Forrest & Robert Simmons, 2010. "The 12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 173(2), pages 431-449, April.
  52. Bruno Rocha & Fábio Sanches & Igor Souza & Jos� Carlos Domingos da Silva, 2013. "Does monitoring affect corruption? Career concerns and home bias in football refereeing," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(8), pages 728-731, May.
  53. Page, Katie & Page, Lionel, 2010. "Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees' ability to cope under pressure," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 192-199, April.
  54. Paul Bose & Eberhard Feess & Helge Mueller, 2022. "Favoritism towards High-Status Clubs: Evidence from German Soccer," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 38(2), pages 422-478.
  55. Morabito, Leo & Scoppa, Vincenzo, 2024. "Inequity Aversion in Subjective Evaluations: Evidence from Referees' Decisions in Soccer," IZA Discussion Papers 17512, IZA Network @ LISER.
  56. Anil Yildizparlak, 2018. "An Application of Contest Success Functions for Draws on European Soccer," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 19(8), pages 1191-1212, December.
  57. Nikolaus Beck & Mark Meyer, 2012. "Modeling team performance," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 43(1), pages 335-356, August.
  58. Andrew W. Nutting, 2013. "Immediate Effects of On-The-Job Training and Its Intensity," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 14(3), pages 303-320, June.
  59. Ignacio Lago & Carlos Lago‐Peñas, 2021. "The Cultural Sources of Deception in Soccer: How Collectivism Affects the Number of Penalties in European Soccer Leagues," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 102(1), pages 362-373, January.
  60. Joseph Price & Marc Remer & Daniel F. Stone, 2012. "Subperfect Game: Profitable Biases of NBA Referees," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 271-300, March.
  61. Reilly, Barry & Witt, Robert, 2011. "Disciplinary sanctions in English Premiership Football: Is there a racial dimension?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 360-370, June.
  62. Stijn Baert & Simon Amez, 2018. "No better moment to score a goal than just before half time? A soccer myth statistically tested," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, March.
  63. Christopher J. Boudreaux & Shane D. Sanders & Bhavneet Walia, 2017. "A Natural Experiment to Determine the Crowd Effect Upon Home Court Advantage," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 18(7), pages 737-749, October.
  64. Yamamura, Eiji, 2012. "Effect of the Fukushima accident on saving electricity: The case of the Japanese Professional Baseball League," MPRA Paper 42674, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  65. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2022. "Home advantage in professional soccer and betting market efficiency: The role of spectator crowds," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(2), pages 294-316, May.
  66. J. James Reade & Dominik Schreyer & Carl Singleton, 2022. "Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(3), pages 1416-1436, July.
  67. Böttger, Tom & Vischer, Lars, 2026. "Home bias and referee bias in European football: The role of stoppage time allocation," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 1/2026, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
  68. Evan Osborne, 2010. "Why Do Some Kinds of Stars Get the Calls?," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 11(2), pages 203-213, April.
  69. Strawiński Paweł & Krawczyk Michał, 2022. "Home Advantage Revisited: Did COVID Level the Playing Fields?," Central European Economic Journal, Sciendo, vol. 9(56), pages 56-67, January.
  70. Cedric Duvinage & Peter-J. Jost, 2019. "The Role of Referees in Professional Sports Contests," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 20(8), pages 1014-1050, December.
  71. J. James Reade & Dominik Schreyer & Carl Singleton, 2020. "Echoes: what happens when football is played behind closed doors?," Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2020-14, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
  72. Thomas Dohmen & Jan Sauermann, 2016. "Referee Bias," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 679-695, September.
  73. Pettersson-Lidbom, Per & Priks, Mikael, 2010. "Behavior under social pressure: Empty Italian stadiums and referee bias," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 108(2), pages 212-214, August.
  74. Babatunde Buraimo & Rob Simmons & Marek Maciaszczyk, 2012. "Favoritism And Referee Bias In European Soccer: Evidence From The Spanish League And The Uefa Champions League," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 30(3), pages 329-343, July.
  75. Igor Viveiros & Henrique Rizzo, 2022. "Ganhando no grito: análise do impacto da pressão social nas decisões da arbitragem em partidas de futebol," Textos para Discussão Cedeplar-UFMG 648, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
  76. Giacomo De Luca & Jeroen Schokkaert & Jo Swinnen, 2011. "Cultural Differences, Assimilation and Behavior: Player Nationality and Penalties in Football," LICOS Discussion Papers 29711, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven.
  77. Lago-Peñas Carlos & Rey Ezequiel & Kalén Anton, 2019. "How does Video Assistant Referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer?," International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(4), pages 646-653, July.
  78. Michael J. Lopez, 2016. "Persuaded Under Pressure: Evidence From The National Football League," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 54(4), pages 1763-1773, October.
  79. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2021. "Does Crowd Support Drive the Home Advantage in Professional Football? Evidence from German Ghost Games during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 22(8), pages 982-1008, December.
  80. Hua Gong, 2022. "The Effect of the Crowd on Home Bias: Evidence from NBA Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 23(7), pages 950-975, October.
  81. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2020. "Does Crowd Support Drive the Home Advantage in Professional Soccer? Evidence from German Ghost Games during the Covid-19 Pandemic," CESifo Working Paper Series 8549, CESifo.
  82. Braga, Breno & Guillén, Diogo, 2012. "Working under pressure: Evidence from the impacts of soccer fans on players’ performance," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 114(2), pages 212-215.
  83. Daniel Weimar & Pamela Wicker, 2017. "Moneyball Revisited," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 18(2), pages 140-161, February.
  84. Brox, Enzo & Krieger, Tommy, 2022. "Birthplace diversity and team performance," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  85. Bär, Sören & Benkel, Cathrin & Bezold, Thomas & Biebl, Petra & Breuer, Markus & Budzinski, Oliver & Chatrath, Stefan & Daumann, Frank & Faulstich, Sebastian & Feddersen, Arne & Frick, Bernd & Gassmann, 2023. "Wettbewerb und Wettbewerbspolitik im Sport: Sammelband zur 25. Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Sportökonomie," KCV Schriftenreihe, FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, KCV KompetenzCentrum für angewandte Volkswirtschaftslehre, volume 7, number 282198 edited by FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, KompetenzCentrum für angewandte Volkswirtschaftslehre (KC, December.
  86. Mikael Priks, 2013. "Singin' in the Rain: A Study of Social Pressure on the Soccer Field," CESifo Working Paper Series 4481, CESifo.
  87. Rodenberg Ryan, 2011. "Perception ? Reality: Analyzing Specific Allegations of NBA Referee Bias," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, De Gruyter, vol. 7(2), pages 1-13, May.
  88. Noecker Cecilia A. & Roback Paul, 2012. "New Insights on the Tendency of NCAA Basketball Officials to Even Out Foul Calls," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, De Gruyter, vol. 8(3), pages 1-23, October.
  89. Carlos Alberto Belchior, 2020. "Fans and Match Results: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Brazil," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 21(7), pages 663-687, October.
  90. Andrés Picazo-Tadeo & Francisco Gónzalez-Gómez & Jorge Guardiola Wanden-Berghe, 2011. "Referee home bias due to social pressure. Evidence from Spanish football," Working Papers 1119, Department of Applied Economics II, Universidad de Valencia.
  91. César Velázquez Guadarrama & Juan Martín Hernández Velázquez, 2024. "La presión social en la toma de decisiones: la ventaja del equipo local en el fútbol mexicano/Social pressure in decision making: Home advantage in Mexican football," Estudios Económicos, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, vol. 39(2), pages 279-310.
  92. Morgulev, Elia & Galily, Yair, 2019. "Analysis of time-wasting in English Premier League football matches: Evidence for unethical behavior in final minutes of close contests," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1-8.
  93. Thadeu Gasparetto & Kirill Loktionov, 2023. "Does the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) mitigate referee bias on professional football?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, November.
  94. Frieling, Julius & Pohlkamp, Stefanie & Stöver, Jana & Vöpel, Henning, 2013. "Suarez und die "Hand Gottes": Wie fair ist Fußball?," HWWI Policy Papers 80, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI).
  95. Luc Arrondel & Richard Duhautois & Baptiste Françon, 2024. "How (absent) fans influenced football during the COVID-19 pandemic?," Working Papers halshs-04777584, HAL.
  96. Finn Spilker & Christian Deutscher & Marius Ötting & Hendrik Sonnabend, 2025. "Favouritism, social pressure, and gender," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 77(3), pages 754-770.
  97. David Boto-Garcìa & Alessandro Bucciol & Luca Zarri, 2020. "Managerial Beliefs and Firm Performance: Field Evidence from Professional Elite Soccer," Working Papers 19/2020, University of Verona, Department of Economics.
  98. Peter Michael Dawson, 2012. "Experience, social pressure and performance: the case of soccer officials," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(9), pages 883-886, June.
  99. Lackner, Mario & Sonnabend, Hendrik, 2021. "Coping with advantageous inequity—Field evidence from professional penalty kicking," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  100. repec:lan:wpaper:3946 is not listed on IDEAS
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