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Global Trade and Specialisation Patterns Over the Next 50 Years

Author

Listed:
  • Åsa Johansson

    (OECD)

  • Eduardo Olaberría

    (OECD)

Abstract

This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion. Profils des échanges mondiaux et de la spécialisation au cours des cinquante prochaines Ce rapport présente des données descriptives concernant les tendances en matière de spécialisation et examine empiriquement ses causes et conséquences tout en analysant le rôle des politiques publiques à cet égard. À partir des enseignements tirés de l’analyse rétrospective, il établit ensuite des scénarios d’échanges mondiaux et de spécialisation jusqu’en 2060 en tenant compte des retombées internationales qu’ils pourraient avoir. Le rapport souligne que la spécialisation commerciale dépend de l’avantage comparatif que représente la dotation en facteurs de production, bien que les politiques générales et les politiques commerciales aient aussi leur importance. Par exemple, les droits de douane prélevés sur les biens intermédiaires s’avèrent préjudiciables aux échanges, cet effet s’accentuant au fil des ans. Cette évolution témoigne vraisemblablement du fait que le développement des chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales amplifie l’incidence des droits de douane. L’analyse prospective laisse supposer qu’au cours des cinquante prochaines années, le centre géographique des échanges s’éloignera encore des pays de l’OCDE au profit de pays d’autres régions dont la croissance s’accélèrera. La libéralisation des échanges mondiaux multilatéraux pourrait entraîner une augmentation des échanges mondiaux de 15 % d’ici 2060 par rapport à la situation actuelle tandis que la hausse induite par la libéralisation régionale dans un groupe composé des grands pays de l’OCDE ne serait que de 4 % en raison de la réorientation des courants d’échanges.

Suggested Citation

  • Åsa Johansson & Eduardo Olaberría, 2014. "Global Trade and Specialisation Patterns Over the Next 50 Years," OECD Economic Policy Papers 10, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaab:10-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    chaînes de valeur mondiales; droits de douane sur les biens intermédiaires; global value chains; intermediate input tariff; libéralisation des échanges; long-term trade and specialisation patterns; profils des échanges et de la spécialisation à long terme; trade liberalisation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F17 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
    • F43 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Economic Growth of Open Economies
    • F60 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - General

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