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The determinants of long-term debt issuance by European banks: evidence of two crises

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  • Adrian Van Rixtel
  • Luna Romo González
  • Jing Yang

Abstract

This paper is one of the first to investigate the determinants of bond issuance by European banks. We use a unique database of around 50,000 bonds issued by 63 banks from 14 European countries, allowing us to differentiate between different types of long-term debt securities. By investigating at the individual bank level, we are able to test explicitly a broad set of hypotheses from both the corporate finance and banking literature on the drivers of bond issuance. We use both country and bank-specific financial characteristics as explanatory variables. With respect to the country determinants, our findings suggest that "market timing" (low interest rates) drove issuance before but not during the crisis, when access to funding became more important than its cost. Moreover, during the crisis years, country-risk characteristics became drivers of bond issuance, while for banks from the euro area periphery central bank liquidity substituted for unsecured long-term debt. We also show that heightened financial market tensions were detrimental to bond issuance, and more strongly so during crisis episodes. Our results yield strongly significant coefficients for the bank-specific variables, with signs as expected. We find evidence of "leverage targeting" by issuing long-term debt during the crisis years. The positive and significant coefficient for the capital ratio supports the "risk absorption" hypothesis, suggesting that larger capital buffers enhanced the risk-bearing capacity of banks and allowed them to issue more debt. Moreover, banks with deposit supply constraints and relatively large loan portfolios issued more bonds, both before and since the crisis years. We also find that higher rated banks were more likely to issue bonds, also during the crisis period. Stronger banks issued especially unsecured debt, while weaker banks resorted more to issuance of covered bonds. Overall, our results suggest that stronger banks - including those from peripheral countries - maintained better access to longer-term funding markets, even during crisis periods. Our results pass several robustness tests. We present an additional aggregated country analysis in a separate appendix.

Suggested Citation

  • Adrian Van Rixtel & Luna Romo González & Jing Yang, 2015. "The determinants of long-term debt issuance by European banks: evidence of two crises," BIS Working Papers 513, Bank for International Settlements.
  • Handle: RePEc:bis:biswps:513
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    2. Ahnert, Toni & Anand, Kartik & Gai, Prasanna & Chapman, James, 2015. "Safe, or not safe? Covered bonds and Bank Fragility," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 112875, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    3. Adrian Van Rixtel & Luna Romo González & Jing Yang, 2015. "The determinants of long-term debt issuance by European banks: evidence of two crises," BIS Working Papers 513, Bank for International Settlements.
    4. repec:aly:journl:201703 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Leonardo Gambacorta & Adrian van Rixtel & Stefano Schiaffi, 2019. "Changing Business Models In International Bank Funding," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 57(2), pages 1038-1055, April.
    6. Ally, Zawadi, 2023. "Drivers of Banks’ Debt Financing: The Panel Data Evidence from Large Commercial Banks in Tanzania," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 11(4), June.
    7. Rancan, Michela & Cariboni, Jessica & Keasey, Kevin & Vallascas, Francesco, 2023. "Bond issuance and the funding choices of European banks: The consequences of public debt," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    8. Claire-Océane Chevallier, 2017. "Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Bank Long Term Debt on Loans and Output in the Euro-zone," DEM Discussion Paper Series 17-04, Department of Economics at the University of Luxembourg.
    9. Vanesa Llorens & Alfredo Martin-Oliver, 2017. "Determinants of bank’s financing choices under capital regulation," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 8(3), pages 287-309, August.
    10. Eyollan Naidoo & Mukelani Nkuna & Daan Steenkamp, 2020. "Developments in debt issuance costs of South African banks," Working Papers 10157, South African Reserve Bank.
    11. Castrén, Olli & Kavonius, Ilja Kristian & Rancan, Michela, 2022. "Digital currencies in financial networks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    12. Luna Azahara Romo González, 2016. "The drivers of European banks’ US dollar debt issuance: opportunistic funding in times of crisis?," Working Papers 1611, Banco de España.
    13. Luna Romo González, 2017. "European banks US dollar liabilities: beyond the covered interest parity," Financial Stability Review, Banco de España, issue Spring.
    14. Luna Romo González, 2017. "European banks US dollar liabilities: beyond the covered interest parity," Revista de Estabilidad Financiera, Banco de España, issue Primavera.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    bank funding; bond issuance; banking crisis; Europe;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • F3 - International Economics - - International Finance

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