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Comment les aides au logement affectent-elles les loyers ?

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  • Anne Laferrère
  • David le Blanc

Abstract

[spa] ¿ Cómo las ayudas al alojamiento van afectando a los alquileres? . . Casi uno de cada dos inquilinos cobra en Francia una ayuda al alojamiento. La teoría económica pregona que la introducción de una ayuda personal al inquilino puede tener como consecuencia el aumento de la demanda agregada de alojamiento, y por supuesto de los alquileres, al menos a corto plazo. El nivel de los precios a largo plazo depende de la elasticidad de la oferta. A falta de un modelo completo del mercado del alquiler y de la evolución de los alquileres, es difícil medir un efecto propio de la ayuda sobre los alquileres. A partir del experimento natural que resultó ser el «cierre» de las ayudas llevado a cabo en 1992-1994 (es decir la extensión de éstas a nuevas categorías de inquilinos), se ponen en evidencia tres fenómenos. A nivel agregado, tras el cierre, los alquileres de los alojamientos cuyo inquilino cobraba una ayuda, han aumentado más rápidamente que los de los alojamientos cuyo inquilino no cobraba ninguna ayuda. Gracias a la ayuda, los hogares han podido alojarse mejor. Sin embargo, esta consecuencia permanece, aunque menor, cuando se mide la evolución del alquiler para unos alojamientos de misma calidad. Ha habido desde luego una aumento puro del alquiler. Finalmente, una análisis en panel de las tasas de crecimiento de los alquileres muestra que esas tasas son mayores cuando se pasa del estatuto de «no ayudado» al de «ayudado». Esto se da sobre la totalidad del periodo observado, sin la menor relación con el cierre de las ayudas. Se diría que el propietario aprovecha la nueva ayuda para recuparar parte de ella bajo la forma del alquiler. El estudio no permite sin embargo medir con exactitud el impacto de las ayudas sobre el nivel general de los alquileres. [ger] Wie beeinflusst das Wohngeld die Mieten? . In Frankreich bezieht fast jeder zweite Mieter Wohngeld. Der Wirtschaftstheorie zufolge kann die Einführung eines Wohngelds eine Zunahme der aggregierten Nachfrage nach Wohnungen und somit •zumindest kurzfristig •einen Anstieg der Mieten zur Folge haben. Langfristig hängt die Höhe des Mietpreises von der Elastizität des Angebots ab. In Ermangelung eines kompletten Modells des Marktes der Mietwohnungen und der Entwicklung der Mieten lässt sich eine Auswirkung des Wohngelds auf die Mieten nur schwer messen. Anhand der natürlichen Erfahrungen mit der Ausweitung des Wohngelds auf neue Kategorien von Mietern zwischen 1992-1994 werden drei Phänomene aufgezeigt. Auf aggregierter Ebene stiegen nach Ausweitung die Mieten der Wohnungen, für die Wohngeld gezahlt wurde, rascher als diejenigen der Wohnungen, für die die Mieter kein Wohngeld bezogen. Dank dem Wohngeld konnten die Haushalte über bessere Wohnungen verfügen. Misst man die Entwicklung der Miete bei gleicher Wohnungsqualität, bleibt jedoch dieser Effekt, wenn auch etwas abgeschwächt. Somit fand auch eine reine Mieterhöhung statt. Eine Panelanalyse der Anstiegsraten der Mieten verdeutlicht, dass diese Raten beim Übergang vom Status «kein Bezieher von Wohngeld» zum Status «Bezieher von Wohngeld» am höchsten sind. Überprüft wird dies während der gesamten Beobachtungszeit, unabhängig von jeglicher Ausweitung der Unterstützung. Somit hat es den Anschein, dass der Vermieter von der neuen Unterstützung profitiert und ihm ein Teil davon in Form von Miete zufließt. Mit der Studie lässt sich allerdings die genaue Auswirkung des Wohngelds auf das allgemeine Niveau der Mieten nicht messen. [eng] How does Housing Benefit Affect Rents? . . Nearly half of all tenants receive housing benefit in France. Economic theory predicts that giving tenants individual benefits can increase aggregate demand for housing and hence rents, at least in the short run. The long-run level of prices depends on the elasticity of supply. In the absence of a comprehensive model of the rental market and rent growth, it is hard to measure the benefit’s specific effect on rents. We present three phenomena based on the natural experiment formed by the •completion” of benefits from 1992 to 1994 (i. e. their extension to new categories of tenants). At aggregate level, rents for housing whose tenants received benefits grew more sharply after the extension than rents for housing whose tenants received no benefits. The benefit helped the households to find better housing. However, this effect persists, albeit to a lesser extent, when rent growth is measured for equal qualities of housing. This means that there was also a pure increase in rents. Lastly, a panel analysis of rent growth rates shows that these rates are highest where there is a transition from a •non-assisted” status to an •assisted” status. This is checked for the entire period observed, regardless of any benefit completion. We find an effect whereby it is as if the landlord had taken advantage of the new benefit and recuperated part of it in the form of rent. However, the study does not allow for an accurate measurement of the effect of the benefit on the general level of rents. [fre] Comment les aides au logement affectent-elles les loyers? . . Près d'un locataire sur deux perçoit en France une aide au logement. La théorie économique prédit que l'introduction d'une aide personnelle au locataire peut avoir pour effet d'augmenter la demande agrégée de logement, et donc les loyers, au moins à court terme. Le niveau des prix à long terme dépend de l'élasticité de l'offre. En l'absence de modèle complet du marché locatif et de l'évolution des loyers, il est difficile de mesurer un effet propre de l'aide sur les loyers. À partir de l'expérience naturelle qu'a constitué le «bouclage» des aides opéré en 1992-1994 (c'est-àdire leur extension à de nouvelles catégories de locataires), on met en évidence trois phénomènes. Au niveau agrégé, après le bouclage, les loyers des logements dont le locataire était aidé ont progressé plus vite que ceux des logements dont le locataire ne percevait pas d'aide. Grâce à l’aide, les ménages ont pu se loger mieux. Cependant, cet effet demeure, bien qu'atténué, lorsqu'on mesure l’évolution du loyer à qualités égales des logements. Il y a donc eu aussi augmentation pure de loyer. Finalement, une analyse en panel des taux de croissance des loyers montre que ces taux sont les plus élevés lorsqu'il y a passage du statut de «non aidé» à celui de «aidé». Ceci est vérifié sur toute la période observée, indépendamment de tout bouclage des aides. Tout se passe donc comme si le propriétaire bailleur profitait de l'aide nouvelle pour en récupérer une partie sous forme de loyer. L'étude ne permet cependant pas de mesurer exactement l'impact des aides sur le niveau général des loyers.

Suggested Citation

  • Anne Laferrère & David le Blanc, 2002. "Comment les aides au logement affectent-elles les loyers ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 351(1), pages 3-30.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2002_num_351_1_7403
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2002.7403
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2002.7403
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    Cited by:

    1. Alexis Eidelman & Fabrice Langumier & Augustin Vicard, 2013. "Prélèvements et transferts aux ménages : des canaux redistributifs différents en 1990 et 2010," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 459(1), pages 5-26.
    2. Fack, Gabrielle, 2006. "Are housing benefit an effective way to redistribute income? Evidence from a natural experiment in France," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 747-771, December.
    3. C. Grislain-Letrémy & C. Trevien, 2014. "The Impact of Housing Subsidies on the Rental Sector: the French Example," Documents de Travail de l'Insee - INSEE Working Papers g2014-08, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques.
    4. Fack, Gabrielle, 2005. "Pourquoi les ménages pauvres paient-ils des loyers de plus en plus élevés ?," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 0516, CEPREMAP.
    5. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Quelle est l'efficacité des aides publiques au logement ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/56mtglm77d8, Sciences Po.
    6. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/591sffhtvh8r9rq9u9e773li0i is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Corentin Trevien, 2016. "Four essays in empirical urban economics : evaluation of French regional policies [Quatre essais en économie urbaine empirique : évaluation de politiques d'aménagement du territoire]," SciencePo Working papers tel-03498772, HAL.
    8. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Quelle est l'efficacité des aides publiques au logement ?," Post-Print hal-03571234, HAL.
    9. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Quelle est l'efficacité des aides publiques au logement ?," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03571234, HAL.
    10. Roberto Impicciatore, 2015. "The Transition to Adulthood of the Italian Second Generation in France," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 31(5), pages 529-560, December.
    11. Céline Grislain-Letrémy & Corentin Trevien, 2022. "The Long-Term Impact of Housing Subsidies on the Rental Sector: the French Example," Working papers 886, Banque de France.
    12. Gabrielle Fack, 2005. "Pourquoi les ménages pauvres paient-ils des loyers de plus en plus élevés ? [L’incidence des aides au logement en France (1973-2002)]," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 381(1), pages 17-40.
    13. Corentin Trevien, 2016. "Four essays in empirical urban economics : evaluation of French regional policies [Quatre essais en économie urbaine empirique : évaluation de politiques d'aménagement du territoire]," SciencePo Working papers Main tel-03498772, HAL.
    14. Anne Laferrère & David le Blanc, 2004. "Gone with the Windfall: How Do Housing Allowances Affect Student Co-residence?," CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo Group, vol. 50(3), pages 451-477.
    15. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Faut il réformer les aides personnelles au logement ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/591sffhtvh8, Sciences Po.
    16. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Faut il réformer les aides personnelles au logement ?," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-01296718, HAL.
    17. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/56mtglm77d8qdorqfd0ckr23no is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Pierre Madec, 2015. "Faut il réformer les aides personnelles au logement ?," Post-Print hal-01296718, HAL.

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