Energy price surges and inflation: Fiscal policy to the rescue?

Motivated by the fiscal policy measures taken by euro zone governments during the 2021/2022 energy crisis, we examine their ability to counter inflationary surges resulting from energy price hikes in energy-importing economies. We use a calibrated small-open economy model in which monetary policy fixes the exchange rate. Subsidies on the sale of energy and on firms' energy expenditures are among the most effective instruments. They reduce marginal costs and limit the pass-through of the price hike which attenuates inflation and stabilizes output and the current account. While inflation indexation of prices aggravates the adverse effects, it renders consumption tax cuts more effective as they attenuate the shock's domestic circulation.