IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v94y2019icp367-377.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Expatriates managers’ cultural intelligence as promoter of knowledge transfer in multinational companies

Author

Listed:
  • Vlajčić, Davor
  • Caputo, Andrea
  • Marzi, Giacomo
  • Dabić, Marina

Abstract

This study analyzes the role of the Cultural Intelligence (CQ) of expatriate managers in the processes of Conventional (CKT) and Reverse Knowledge Transfer (RKT) in Multinational Companies (MNCs). The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was adopted to analyze the data from a survey of 103 senior expatriate managers working in Croatia. The study reveals how CQ, in all of its four dimensions (metacognitive, cognitive, behavioral, and motivational), acts as a knowledge de-codification and codification filter, assisting managers in the Knowledge Transfer process. The study also reveals how previous international experience does not moderate the positive effect of CQ on both CKT and RKT, offering important theoretical and practical insights to support MNCs in the KT process.

Suggested Citation

  • Vlajčić, Davor & Caputo, Andrea & Marzi, Giacomo & Dabić, Marina, 2019. "Expatriates managers’ cultural intelligence as promoter of knowledge transfer in multinational companies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 367-377.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:94:y:2019:i:c:p:367-377
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.033
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014829631830033X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.033?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Walter Kuemmerle, 1999. "The Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment into Research and Development: An Empirical Investigation," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 30(1), pages 1-24, March.
    2. McGuinness, Martina & Demirbag, Mehmet & Bandara, Sasanka, 2013. "Towards a multi-perspective model of reverse knowledge transfer in multinational enterprises: A case study of Coats plc," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 179-195.
    3. Imai, Lynn & Gelfand, Michele J., 2010. "The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 112(2), pages 83-98, July.
    4. Robert Jensen & Gabriel Szulanski, 2004. "Stickiness and the adaptation of organizational practices in cross-border knowledge transfers," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(6), pages 508-523, November.
    5. Peng, George Z. & Beamish, Paul W., 2014. "MNC subsidiary size and expatriate control: Resource-dependence and learning perspectives," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 51-62.
    6. Bernard L. Simonin, 1999. "Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(7), pages 595-623, July.
    7. Ambos, Björn & Håkanson, Lars, 2014. "The Concept of Distance in International Management Research," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 1-7.
    8. Najafi-Tavani, Zhaleh & Giroud, Axèle & Andersson, Ulf, 2014. "The interplay of networking activities and internal knowledge actions for subsidiary influence within MNCs," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 122-131.
    9. Bruce Kogut & Udo Zander, 1993. "Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 24(4), pages 625-645, December.
    10. Borini, Felipe Mendes & de Miranda Oliveira, Moacir & Silveira, Franciane Freitas & de Oliveira Concer, Ronald, 2012. "The reverse transfer of innovation of foreign subsidiaries of Brazilian multinationals," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 219-231.
    11. Vesa Peltokorpi & Eero Vaara, 2014. "Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations: Productive and counterproductive effects of language-sensitive recruitment," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(5), pages 600-622, June.
    12. Vesa Peltokorpi & Eero Vaara, 2014. "Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations : Productive and counterproductive effects of language-sensitive recruitment," Post-Print hal-02313193, HAL.
    13. Robert Grosse, 1996. "International Technology Transfer in Services," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 27(4), pages 781-800, December.
    14. Denice E. Welch & Lawrence S. Welch, 2008. "The importance of language in international knowledge transfer," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 339-360, May.
    15. Charla Mathwick & Caroline Wiertz & Ko de Ruyter, 2008. "Social Capital Production in a Virtual P3 Community," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 34(6), pages 832-849, November.
    16. Cohendet, Patrick & Steinmueller, W Edward, 2000. "The Codification of Knowledge: A Conceptual and Empirical Exploration," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 9(2), pages 195-209, June.
    17. Andrea Caputo & Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini & Marina Dabic & Leo Paul Dana, 2016. "Internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe: A systematic literature review," Post-Print hal-02010663, HAL.
    18. Martine R Haas & Jonathon N Cummings, 2015. "Barriers to knowledge seeking within MNC teams: Which differences matter most?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 46(1), pages 36-62, January.
    19. Cowan, Robin & David, Paul A & Foray, Dominique, 2000. "The Explicit Economics of Knowledge Codification and Tacitness," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press, vol. 9(2), pages 211-253, June.
    20. Abdul Malek, Marlin & Budhwar, Pawan, 2013. "Cultural intelligence as a predictor of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 222-231.
    21. Renzl, Birgit, 2008. "Trust in management and knowledge sharing: The mediating effects of fear and knowledge documentation," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 206-220, April.
    22. Chen, Victor Zitian & Li, Jing & Shapiro, Daniel M., 2012. "International reverse spillover effects on parent firms: Evidences from emerging-market MNEs in developed markets," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 204-218.
    23. Okazaki, Shintaro & Taylor, Charles R., 2008. "What is SMS advertising and why do multinationals adopt it? Answers from an empirical study in European markets," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 4-12, January.
    24. Ang, Soon & Van Dyne, Linn & Koh, Christine & Ng, K. Yee & Templer, Klaus J. & Tay, Cheryl & Chandrasekar, N. Anand, 2007. "Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 3(3), pages 335-371, November.
    25. Buckley, Peter J. & Clegg, Jeremy & Tan, Hui, 2006. "Cultural awareness in knowledge transfer to China--The role of guanxi and mianzi," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 275-288, September.
    26. Barner-Rasmussen, Wilhelm, 2003. "Determinants of the feedback-seeking behaviour of subsidiary top managers in multinational corporations," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 41-60, February.
    27. Paula Caligiuri, 2014. "Many moving parts: Factors influencing the effectiveness of HRM practices designed to improve knowledge transfer within MNCs," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 45(1), pages 63-72, January.
    28. Xiaohui Liu & Jiangyong Lu & Igor Filatotchev & Trevor Buck & Mike Wright, 2010. "Returnee entrepreneurs, knowledge spillovers and innovation in high-tech firms in emerging economies," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(7), pages 1183-1197, September.
    29. Ambos, Tina C. & Ambos, Björn & Schlegelmilch, Bodo B., 2006. "Learning from foreign subsidiaries: An empirical investigation of headquarters' benefits from reverse knowledge transfers," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 294-312, June.
    30. Sánchez de Pablo González del Campo, Jesús David & Peña García Pardo, Isidro & Hernández Perlines, Felipe, 2014. "Influence factors of trust building in cooperation agreements," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 710-714.
    31. Zhou, Zhimin & Zhang, Qiyuan & Su, Chenting & Zhou, Nan, 2012. "How do brand communities generate brand relationships? Intermediate mechanisms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(7), pages 890-895.
    32. Jörg Henseler & Marko Sarstedt, 2013. "Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 28(2), pages 565-580, April.
    33. Mudambi, Ram, 2002. "Knowledge management in multinational firms," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9.
    34. Hernández-Perlines, Felipe & Moreno-García, Juan & Yañez-Araque, Benito, 2016. "The mediating role of competitive strategy in international entrepreneurial orientation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5383-5389.
    35. Mun Y. Yi & Fred D. Davis, 2003. "Developing and Validating an Observational Learning Model of Computer Software Training and Skill Acquisition," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 14(2), pages 146-169, June.
    36. Rabbiosi, Larissa, 2011. "Subsidiary roles and reverse knowledge transfer: An investigation of the effects of coordination mechanisms," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 97-113, June.
    37. Soon Ang & Linn Van Dyne & Christine Koh & K. Yee Ng & Klaus J. Templer & Cheryl Tay & N. Anand Chandrasekar, 2007. "Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance," Management and Organization Review, The International Association for Chinese Management Research, vol. 3(3), pages 335-371, November.
    38. Smitha R. Nair & Mehmet Demirbag & Kamel Mellahi, 2015. "Reverse Knowledge Transfer from Overseas Acquisitions: A Survey of Indian MNEs," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, April.
    39. Bruhn, Manfred & Georgi, Dominik & Hadwich, Karsten, 2008. "Customer equity management as formative second-order construct," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 61(12), pages 1292-1301, December.
    40. John Hulland, 1999. "Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(2), pages 195-204, February.
    41. Elenkov, Detelin S. & Manev, Ivan M., 2009. "Senior expatriate leadership's effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 44(4), pages 357-369, October.
    42. Nina Gorovaia & Josef Windsperger, 2013. "Determinants of knowledge transfer strategy in franchising: integrating knowledge-based and relational governance perspectives," The Service Industries Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(12), pages 1117-1134, September.
    43. Zhaleh Najafi-Tavani & Axèle Giroud & Rudolf R. Sinkovics, 2012. "Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 52(3), pages 461-488, June.
    44. Andersson, Ulf & Björkman, Ingmar & Forsgren, Mats, 2005. "Managing subsidiary knowledge creation: The effect of control mechanisms on subsidiary local embeddedness," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 521-538, October.
    45. Stephen Tallman & Anupama Phene, 2007. "Leveraging Knowledge Across Geographic Boundaries," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 18(2), pages 252-260, April.
    46. Park, Chansoo & Vertinsky, Ilan, 2016. "Reverse and conventional knowledge transfers in international joint ventures," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(8), pages 2821-2829.
    47. Crowne, Kerri Anne, 2008. "What leads to cultural intelligence?," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 51(5), pages 391-399.
    48. Lucia Piscitello, 2004. "Corporate diversification, coherence and economic performance," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 13(5), pages 757-787, October.
    49. Raab, Katharina J. & Ambos, Björn & Tallman, Stephen, 2014. "Strong or invisible hands? – Managerial involvement in the knowledge sharing process of globally dispersed knowledge groups," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 32-41.
    50. Yulin Fang & Guo‐Liang Frank Jiang & Shige Makino & Paul W. Beamish, 2010. "Multinational Firm Knowledge, Use of Expatriates, and Foreign Subsidiary Performance," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 27-54, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Guo, Ying & Rammal, Hussain Gulzar & Pereira, Vijay, 2021. "Am I ‘In or Out’? A social identity approach to studying expatriates’ social networks and adjustment in a host country context," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 558-566.
    2. Guochen Pan & Mengqi Liu & Lu-Ming Tseng & Zhixiang Geng, 2023. "Cultural intelligence and sales performance in online insurance marketing: evidence from a Chinese insurance firm," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    3. Ying Zhang & Puzhen Xiong & Wei Zhou & Lang Sun & Edwin T.C. Cheng, 2023. "Exploring the longitudinal effects of emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence on knowledge management processes," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 40(4), pages 1555-1578, December.
    4. Dabić, Marina & Stojčić, Nebojša & Simić, Marijana & Potocan, Vojko & Slavković, Marko & Nedelko, Zlatko, 2021. "Intellectual agility and innovation in micro and small businesses: The mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 683-695.
    5. Maley, Jane F. & Moeller, Miriam & Ting, Alina F., 2020. "Sustainable expatriate compensation in an uncertain environment," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(3).
    6. Kiessling, Timothy & Maley, Jane Frances & Moeller, Miriam & Dabić, Marina, 2023. "Managing global knowledge transfer: Inpatriate manager embeddedness and firm innovation," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(2).
    7. Presbitero, Alfred, 2021. "Communication accommodation within global virtual team: The influence of cultural intelligence and the impact on interpersonal process effectiveness," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    8. Xiaoyun Guang & Peerayuth Charoensukmongkol, 2022. "The effects of cultural intelligence on leadership performance among Chinese expatriates working in Thailand," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(1), pages 106-128, February.
    9. Jurásek Miroslav & Potocký Tomislav, 2020. "How to Improve Communication within an Organization? The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Language Competence," Journal of Intercultural Management, Sciendo, vol. 12(2), pages 53-81, June.
    10. Caputo, Andrea & Ayoko, Oluremi B. & Amoo, Nii, 2018. "The moderating role of cultural intelligence in the relationship between cultural orientations and conflict management styles," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 10-20.
    11. Vrontis, Demetris & Basile, Gianpaolo & Simona Andreano, M. & Mazzitelli, Andrea & Papasolomou, Ioanna, 2020. "The profile of innovation driven Italian SMEs and the relationship between the firms’ networking abilities and dynamic capabilities," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 313-324.
    12. Osama Sam Al-Kwifi & Allam K. Abu Farha & Wael S. Zaraket, 2020. "Competitive Dynamics Between Multinational Companies and Local Rivals in Emerging Markets," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 9(3), pages 189-204, September.
    13. Kozhakhmet, Sanat & Nurgabdeshov, Assylbek, 2022. "Knowledge acquisition of Chinese expatriates: managing Chinese MNEs in Kazakhstan," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(2).
    14. Phookan, Himadree & Sharma, Revti Raman, 2021. "Subsidiary power, cultural intelligence and interpersonal knowledge transfer between subsidiaries within the multinational enterprise," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(4).
    15. Egwakhe A. J. & Amos N. B. & Nicodemus T., 2021. "Can Technology Transfer Stimulate Labour Productivity: Experience from Nigeria Automobile Sector," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 15(4), pages 1-1, July.
    16. Boqian Wei & Tingting Yang & Chih-Hsing Liu, 2021. "“Can Intelligence Make You Happy?” The Influence of Tourists’ Cultural Sustainability and Intelligence on Their Flow Experience," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-18, November.
    17. Dheer, Ratan J.S. & Lenartowicz, Tomasz, 2020. "Effect of generational status on immigrants’ intentions to start new ventures: The role of cognitions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(3).
    18. Silbiger, Avi & Barnes, Bradley R. & Berger, Ron & Renwick, Douglas W.S., 2021. "The role of regulatory focus and its influence on the cultural distance – Adjustment relationship for expatriate managers," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 398-410.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nicolai J. Foss & Torben Pedersen, 2019. "Microfoundations in international management research: The case of knowledge sharing in multinational corporations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(9), pages 1594-1621, December.
    2. Su, Cong & Kong, Lingshuang & Ciabuschi, Francesco & Holm, Ulf, 2020. "Demand and willingness for knowledge transfer in springboard subsidiaries of Chinese multinationals," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 297-309.
    3. Peltokorpi, Vesa, 2015. "Corporate Language Proficiency and Reverse Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Corporations: Interactive Effects of Communication Media Richness and Commitment to Headquarters," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 49-62.
    4. Michailova, Snejina & Mustaffa, Zaidah, 2012. "Subsidiary knowledge flows in multinational corporations: Research accomplishments, gaps, and opportunities," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 383-396.
    5. Peltokorpi, Vesa & Yamao, Sachiko, 2017. "Corporate language proficiency in reverse knowledge transfer: A moderated mediation model of shared vision and communication frequency," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(3), pages 404-416.
    6. Vlačić, Ernest & Dabić, Marina & Daim, Tugrul & Vlajčić, Davor, 2019. "Exploring the impact of the level of absorptive capacity in technology development firms," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 166-177.
    7. Wang, Na & Hua, Ying & Wu, Guoying & Zhao, Chunxia & Wang, Yonggui, 2019. "Reverse transfer of innovation and subsidiary power: A moderated mediation model," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 328-337.
    8. Klaus E. Meyer & Chengguang Li & Andreas P. J. Schotter, 0. "Managing the MNE subsidiary: Advancing a multi-level and dynamic research agenda," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 0, pages 1-39.
    9. Schlägel, Christopher & Sarstedt, Marko, 2016. "Assessing the measurement invariance of the four-dimensional cultural intelligence scale across countries: A composite model approach," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 633-649.
    10. Liu, Ting & Li, Xizhuo, 2022. "How Do MNCs Conduct Local Technological Innovation in a Host Country? An Examination From Subsidiaries' Perspective," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(3).
    11. Kong, Lingshuang & Ciabuschi, Francesco & Martín Martín, Oscar, 2018. "Expatriate managers' relationships and reverse knowledge transfer within emerging market MNCs: The mediating role of subsidiary willingness," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 216-229.
    12. Klaus E. Meyer & Chengguang Li & Andreas P. J. Schotter, 2020. "Managing the MNE subsidiary: Advancing a multi-level and dynamic research agenda," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(4), pages 538-576, June.
    13. Andersson, Ulf & Dasí, Àngels & Mudambi, Ram & Pedersen, Torben, 2016. "Technology, innovation and knowledge: The importance of ideas and international connectivity," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 153-162.
    14. Fortwengel, Johann & Gutierrez Huerter O, Gabriela & Kostova, Tatiana, 2023. "Three decades of research on practice transfer in multinational firms: Past contributions and future opportunities," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 58(3).
    15. Jurásek Miroslav & Potocký Tomislav, 2020. "How to Improve Communication within an Organization? The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Language Competence," Journal of Intercultural Management, Sciendo, vol. 12(2), pages 53-81, June.
    16. Lee, Jeoung Yul & Jiménez, Alfredo & Bhandari, Krishna Raj, 2020. "Subsidiary roles and dual knowledge flows between MNE subsidiaries and headquarters: The moderating effects of organizational governance types," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 188-200.
    17. Ilya R. P. Cuypers & Gokhan Ertug & John Cantwell & Akbar Zaheer & Martin Kilduff, 2020. "Making connections: Social networks in international business," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(5), pages 714-736, July.
    18. Zhou, Abby Jingzi & Fey, Carl & Yildiz, H. Emre, 2020. "Fostering integration through HRM practices: An empirical examination of absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer in cross-border M&As," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
    19. Maimunah Ismail, 2015. "Conceptualizing knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: The mediating effect of social capital," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 1101803-110, December.
    20. McGuinness, Martina & Demirbag, Mehmet & Bandara, Sasanka, 2013. "Towards a multi-perspective model of reverse knowledge transfer in multinational enterprises: A case study of Coats plc," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 179-195.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:94:y:2019:i:c:p:367-377. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.