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The End of Cheap Chinese Labor

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Guirong Li & Jiajia Xu & Liying Li & Zhaolei Shi & Hongmei Yi & James Chu & Elena Kardanova & Yanyan Li & Prashant Loyalka & Scott Rozelle, 2020. "The Impacts of Highly Resourced Vocational Schools on Student Outcomes in China," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 28(6), pages 125-150, November.
  2. Jing Cao & Jie Mao, 2022. "Firm performance and economic development: Evidence from a unique dataset of China," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(3), pages 447-464, July.
  3. Carlos A. Ibarra, 2016. "Investment, asset market, and the relative unit labor cost in Mexico," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 49(4), pages 339-364, November.
  4. Yi Chen & Rong Huang & Yuanping Lu & Kangyi Zhang, 2021. "Education Fever in China: Children’s Academic Performance and Parents’ Life Satisfaction," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 927-954, February.
  5. Choorikkad Veeramani & Garima Dhir, 2022. "Do developing countries gain by participating in global value chains? Evidence from India," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 158(4), pages 1011-1042, November.
  6. Anping Chen & Nicolaas Groenewold, 2022. "Regional Resilience in China: The Response of the Provinces to the Growth Slowdown," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 52(1), pages 74-103.
  7. Fields, Gary S. & Meng, Xin & Song, Yang, 2022. "Earnings mobility during labor market reforms in urban China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  8. Halvor Mehlum & Ragnar Torvik & Simone Valente, 2013. "China s Savings Multiplier," Working Papers No 4/2013, Centre for Applied Macro- and Petroleum economics (CAMP), BI Norwegian Business School.
  9. Xiang, Junyi & Kong, Dongmin & Zhang, Fan, 2025. "Labor cost, robots, and product quality," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  10. Feng Guo & Junwu Wang & Denghui Liu & Yinghui Song, 2021. "Evolutionary Process of Promoting Construction Safety Education to Avoid Construction Safety Accidents in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-22, October.
  11. Anping Chen & Nicolaas Groenewold, 2019. "The effects of China’s growth slowdown on its provinces: Disentangling the sources," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(4), pages 1260-1279, December.
  12. Jikun Huang & Shukun Wang & Zhihua Xiao, 2017. "Rising Herbicide Use and Its Driving Forces in China," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 29(3), pages 614-627, July.
  13. Shuli Luo & Sylvia Y He, 2021. "Using data mining to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of perceptions of metro services in China: The case of Shenzhen," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 48(3), pages 449-466, March.
  14. Chao Li & John Gibson, 2018. "Regional Inequality in China allowing for Spatial Cost-of-Living Differences: Evidence from a Hedonic Analysis of Apartment Prices," Working Papers in Economics 18/12, University of Waikato.
  15. Wang, Xiaobing & Yamauchi, Futoshi & Otsuka, Keijiro & Huang, Jikun, 2016. "Wage Growth, Landholding, and Mechanization in Chinese Agriculture," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 30-45.
  16. Chen, Anping & Groenewold, Nicolaas, 2019. "China's ‘New Normal’: Is the growth slowdown demand- or supply-driven?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
  17. Fangbin Qiao, 2020. "The Impact of Agricultural Service on Grain Production in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-18, August.
  18. Prema-chandra Athukorala & Zheng Wei, 2015. "Economic Transition and Labour Market Dynamics in China: An Interpretative Survey of the ‘Turning Point’ Debate," Departmental Working Papers 2015-06, The Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics.
  19. Nahm, Jonas & Steinfeld, Edward S., 2014. "Scale-up Nation: China’s Specialization in Innovative Manufacturing," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 288-300.
  20. Huang, Jikun & Shi, Pengfei, "undated". "IFAD Research Series 90: Rural Transformation, Income Growth and Poverty Reduction by Province in China in the Past Four Decades," IFAD Research Series 335374, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
  21. Cao, Jing & Ho, Mun S. & Hu, Wenhao & Jorgenson, Dale, 2020. "Effective labor supply and growth outlook in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
  22. Yi Fan & Junjian Yi & Junsen Zhang, 2021. "Rising Intergenerational Income Persistence in China," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 202-230, February.
  23. Kong, Dongmin & Wang, Yanan & Zhang, Jian, 2020. "Efficiency wages as gift exchange: Evidence from corporate innovation in China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  24. Li, Chao & Gibson, John, 2013. "Rising Regional Inequality in China: Fact or Artifact?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 16-29.
  25. Benjamin N. Dennis & Talan B. İşcan, 2020. "Structural change and global trade flows: Does an emerging giant matter?," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(5), pages 1191-1231, November.
  26. Wei Qian & Yongsheng Wang, 2022. "How Do Rising Labor Costs Affect Green Total Factor Productivity? Based on the Industrial Intelligence Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
  27. Xiaoxu Zhang & Yuze Li & Kunfu Zhu & Kang Lin & Shouyang Wang, 2025. "The environmental and economic impacts of India’s emergence as the global manufacturing hub," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, December.
  28. Roland Döhrn & Philipp an de Meulen & Daniela Grozea-Helmenstein & Tobias Kitlinski & Torsten Schmidt & Simeon Vosen, 2013. "Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im Ausland: Zögerliche Erholung der Weltwirtschaft," RWI Konjunkturbericht, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, pages 36, 03.
  29. Li, Chuan-Zhong & Wei, Chu & Yu, Yang, 2020. "Income threshold, household appliance ownership and residential energy consumption in urban China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
  30. Song, Yang & Zhou, Guangsu, 2019. "Inequality of opportunity and household education expenditures: Evidence from panel data in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 85-98.
  31. Tingting Li & Wei Dou & Jing Han & Wenqing Zhang, 2025. "Industrial structure optimization and green growth in China based on a population heterogeneity perspective," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(3), pages 2367-2392, August.
  32. Wang, Xiaobing & Huang, Jikun & Rozelle, Scott, 2017. "Off-farm employment and agricultural specialization in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 155-165.
  33. Nicolaas Groenewold, 2017. "China’s ‘New Normal’: How will China’s growth slowdown affect Australia’s growth?," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 17-19, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
  34. Qiao, Fangbin, 2017. "Increasing wage, mechanization, and agriculture production in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 249-260.
  35. Jianhong Zhang & Désirée van Gorp & Haico Ebbers, 2019. "What Determines Trade Between China And India During The Recession Of 2008–2012?," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 37(2), pages 389-406, April.
  36. Mr. Yifei Huang & Mr. Prakash Loungani & Gewei Wang, 2014. "Minimum Wages and Firm Employment: Evidence from China," IMF Working Papers 2014/184, International Monetary Fund.
  37. Zhang, Chuanchuan & Jia, Shen & Yang, Rudai, 2016. "Housing affordability and housing vacancy in China: The role of income inequality," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 4-14.
  38. Qian Sun, 2024. "Constructing alternative unemployment statistics in China," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 67(4), pages 1319-1354, October.
  39. Fei Wang & Liqiu Zhao & Zhong Zhao, 2017. "China’s family planning policies and their labor market consequences," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 30(1), pages 31-68, January.
  40. Muriel Périsse & Clément Séhier, 2019. "Analysing wages and labour institutions in China: An unfinished transition," The Economic and Labour Relations Review, , vol. 30(3), pages 400-421, September.
  41. Lin, Justin Yifu & Wang, Xin, 2018. "Trump economics and China–US trade imbalances," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 579-600.
  42. Shuaizhang Feng & Yingyao Hu & Robert Moffitt, 2015. "Long Run Trends in Unemployment and Labor Force Participation in China," Working Papers id:7279, eSocialSciences.
  43. Bao, Hengmiao & Yang, Shijie, 2024. "Is there life after product quality failures? Evidence from employment decisions," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 325-355.
  44. Wang, Ting & Zhang, Yi & Liu, Chun, 2024. "Robot adoption and employment adjustment: Firm-level evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  45. Sangaralingam Ramesh, 2020. "Entrepreneurship in China and India," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(1), pages 321-355, March.
  46. Mehlum, Halvor & Torvik, Ragnar & Valente, Simone, 2016. "The savings multiplier," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 90-105.
  47. Daron Acemoglu & David Autor & David Dorn & Gordon H. Hanson & Brendan Price, 2016. "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(S1), pages 141-198.
  48. Che, Yi & Xiao, Rui, 2020. "Import competition, fast-track authority and U.S. policy toward China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(4), pages 974-996.
  49. Coricelli, Fabrizio & Ravasan, Farshad R, 2017. "Structural Change and the China Syndrome: Baumol vs Trade Effects," CEPR Discussion Papers 12069, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  50. Zhang Xiaoxu & Zhu Kunfu & Wang Shouyang, 2024. "The Impact of Manufacturing Transfer from China to India on China’s GDP and Employment," China Finance and Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 13(4), pages 76-105.
  51. Ye, Longfeng & Robertson, Peter E., 2019. "Hitting the Great Wall: Structural change and China's growth slowdown," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1-1.
  52. Chao Li & John Gibson, 2013. "Spatial Price Differences and Inequality in China: Housing Market Evidence," Working Papers in Economics 13/06, University of Waikato.
  53. Yuming Cui & Changrong Lu, 2018. "Are China's unit labour costs still competitive? A comparison with ASEAN countries," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 32(1), pages 59-76, May.
  54. Nanhthavong, Vong & Bieri, Sabin & Nguyen, Anh-Thu & Hett, Cornelia & Epprecht, Michael, 2022. "Proletarianization and gateways to precarization in the context of land-based investments for agricultural commercialization in Lao PDR," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  55. Dongjie Wu & Prasada Rao, 2017. "Urbanization and Income Inequality in China: An Empirical Investigation at Provincial Level," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 131(1), pages 189-214, March.
  56. Fields, Gary & Song, Yang, 2020. "Modeling migration barriers in a two-sector framework: A welfare analysis of the hukou reform in China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 293-301.
  57. Hou, Qingsong & Tang, Xiaofang & Teng, Min, 2021. "Labor costs and financialization of real sectors in emerging markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  58. Zuo, Junqing & Zhang, Wei & Hu, Mingya & Feng, Xu & Zou, Gaofeng, 2022. "Employee relations and stock price crash risk: Evidence from employee lawsuits," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  59. Wang, Ping & Kinnucan, Henry W. & Duffy, Patricia A., "undated". "Effects of China's Rising Labor Costs on the World Cotton Market," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258431, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  60. Luigi Bonatti & Andrea Fracasso, 2016. "Modelling The Transition Towards The Renminbi'S Full Convertibility: Implications For China'S Growth," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 68(S1), pages 146-170, December.
  61. Feng, Shuaizhang & Hu, Yingyao & Moffitt, Robert, 2017. "Long run trends in unemployment and labor force participation in urban China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2), pages 304-324.
  62. Wang, Linlin & Liu, Chun & Liu, Ding & Zhang, Yi, 2025. "Beyond jobs and wages: The hidden cost of automation on corporate social security contributions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
  63. Wenlang Zhang & Gaofeng Han, 2013. "How have Labour Market Developments Affected Labour Costs in China?," Working Papers 072013, Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research.
  64. Li, Qing & Hu, Dezhuang & Li, Tang, 2022. "The innovation of family firms in China: New evidence from the China employer-employee survey," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  65. Teerawat Charoenrat & Yot Amornkitvikai, 2024. "Factors Affecting the Export Intensity of Chinese Manufacturing Firms," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 25(4), pages 957-980, August.
  66. Kerui Du & Zonglai Kou & Xueyue Liu & Cheng Zhao, 2026. "Population aging and robot adoption: evidence from China," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 39(1), pages 1-27, March.
  67. Nicolaas Groenewold, 2018. "China's ‘New Normal’: How will China's Growth Slowdown Affect Australia's Growth?," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(4), pages 435-445, December.
  68. Chen, Qin & Song, Zheng, 2014. "Accounting for China's urbanization," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 485-494.
  69. Yuan Zhang & Ting Shao & Qi Dong, 2018. "Reassessing the Lewis Turning Point in China: Evidence from 70,000 Rural Households," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 26(1), pages 4-17, January.
  70. Chen, Huang, "undated". "Agricultural Risk, Insurance, and the Land-productivity Inverse Relationship," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258212, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  71. Longfeng Ye & Peter E. Robertson, 2017. "Migration and Growth in China: A Sceptical Assessment of the Evidence," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 17-03, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
  72. Arce, Guadalupe & López, Luis Antonio & Guan, Dabo, 2016. "Carbon emissions embodied in international trade: The post-China era," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1063-1072.
  73. Dou, Huan & Pang, Xinyuan & Ke, Huan & Liu, Yuanyuan, 2024. "Pain or gain? The effects of transportation infrastructure on labor costs in China 1," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 413-431.
  74. Nabanita Datta Gupta, 2018. "The Chinese labor market, 2000–2016," World of Labour, LISER, pages 437-437, May.
  75. Zhou, Yiming & Zeng, Dao-Zhi, 2015. "Offshoring, globalization, and welfare," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 75-93.
  76. Shen, Jim Huangnan & Long, Zhiming & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zhang, Jun, 2022. "Comparative advantage, endowment structure, and trade imbalances," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 365-375.
  77. Ding, Xiaoya (Sara) & Guo, Mengmeng & Kuai, Yicheng & Niu, Geng, 2023. "Social trust and firm innovation: Evidence from China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 474-493.
  78. Bai, Min & Fu, Yumei & Sun, Mingwei, 2023. "Corporate diversification and labor investment efficiency: Evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
  79. Zhang, Yi & Wang, Ting & Liu, Chun, 2024. "Beyond the modern productivity paradox: The effect of robotics technology on firm-level total factor productivity in China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  80. Rahman, Md. Saifur & Shahari, Farihana, 2017. "The nexus between financial integration and real economy: Solow-growth model concept," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1244-1253.
  81. Duanmu, Jing-Lin & Norbäck, Pehr-Johan & Lu, Jane Wenzhen & Clegg, Jeremy, 2022. "Contraction under minimum wages? Operational and financial advantages of multinational subsidiaries in China," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(2).
  82. Nilanjan Banik & Khanindra Ch. Das, 2014. "The Location Substitution Effect: Does it Apply for China?," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 15(1), pages 59-75, March.
  83. Ouyang, Puman & Zhang, Teng & Dong, Yan, 2015. "Market potential, firm exports and profit: Which market do the Chinese firms profit from?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 94-108.
  84. Kong, Dongmin & Qin, Ni & Xiang, Junyi, 2021. "Minimum wage and entrepreneurship: Evidence from China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 320-336.
  85. Wang, Ting & Chanda, Areendam, 2018. "Manufacturing growth and local employment multipliers in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 515-543.
  86. Zhongen Niu & Huimin Yan & Fang Liu, 2020. "Decreasing Cropping Intensity Dominated the Negative Trend of Cropland Productivity in Southern China in 2000–2015," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, December.
  87. Fan, Haichao & Hu, Yichuan & Tang, Lixin, 2021. "Labor costs and the adoption of robots in China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 186(C), pages 608-631.
  88. Wei Wang & Hualin Xie & Tong Jiang & Daobei Zhang & Xue Xie, 2016. "Measuring the Total-Factor Carbon Emission Performance of Industrial Land Use in China Based on the Global Directional Distance Function and Non-Radial Luenberger Productivity Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-19, April.
  89. Chen, H., 2018. "Can Crop Insurance Market Benefit Land Rental Market by Mitigating the Inverse-Relationship Concern," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277003, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
  90. Zhu, Ruini & Yuan, Ye & Wang, Yaojing, 2024. "Love, health, and robots: Automation, migration, and family responses in rural China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
  91. Sourish Dutta, 2025. "The Anatomy of Value Creation: Input-Output Linkages, Policy Shifts, and Economic Impact in India's Mobile Phone GVC," Working Papers hal-05139502, HAL.
  92. Chao Li & John Gibson, 2014. "Spatial Price Differences and Inequality in the People's Republic of China: Housing Market Evidence," Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 31(1), pages 92-120, March.
  93. Ku‐Hsieh Chen & Pei‐Hua Chen & Yen‐Ju Lin & Ching‐Fang Chi, 2022. "To sell the cow and drink the milk: How could China harmonize its growth and risk?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(3), pages 2949-2964, July.
  94. Qun Bao & Ninghua Ye & Ligang Song, 2016. "Congested Export Spillover in China," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(1), pages 272-282, February.
  95. Gan, Li & Hernandez, Manuel A. & Ma, Shuang, 2016. "The higher costs of doing business in China: Minimum wages and firms' export behavior," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 81-94.
  96. Döhrn, Roland & an de Meulen, Philipp & Grozea-Helmenstein, Daniela & Kitlinski, Tobias & Schmidt, Torsten & Vosen, Simeon, 2013. "Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung im Ausland: Zögerliche Erholung der Weltwirtschaft," RWI Konjunkturberichte, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, vol. 64(1), pages 5-40.
  97. Li, Hongbin & Li, Lei & Ma, Hong, 2022. "China's skill-biased imports," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  98. Duran-Fernandez, Roberto, 2024. "Nearshoring in Mexico: Navigating Expectations and Realities of the Reconfiguration of Global Value Chains," EconStor Preprints 301885, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  99. Yinyin Cai & Yew-Kwang Ng, 2014. "Part-Peasants: Incomplete Rural–Urban Labour Migration in China," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(4), pages 401-422, October.
  100. Yingjie Fan & Frank Schwartz & Stefan Voß & David L. Woodruff, 2017. "Stochastic programming for flexible global supply chain planning," Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 601-633, December.
  101. Kou, Zonglai & Zhao, Wentian & Zhou, Min, 2025. "Fertility impact of intense precipitation in rural areas: The role of income expectation shocks," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  102. Lu, Yuxin & Sica, Edgardo & Wolszczak-Derlacz, Joanna, 2024. "Global value chains, wages, employment and labour production in China: A regional approach," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 124-142.
  103. Chih-Hai Yang & Meng-Wen Tsou, 2025. "Labor cost shock, export, and export compositions: evidence from China," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 69(3), pages 1315-1333, September.
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