IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jecstr/v14y2025i1d10.1186_s40008-025-00347-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Digital financial inclusion, environmental sustainability and regional economic growth in China: insights from a panel threshold model

Author

Listed:
  • Hamdi Becha

    (University of Sfax
    Research Laboratory in Competitiveness, Commercial Decisions and Internationalisation (CODECI))

  • Maha Kalai

    (University of Sfax
    Research Laboratory in Competitiveness, Commercial Decisions and Internationalisation (CODECI))

  • Saifeddine Houidi

    (University of Sfax
    Research Laboratory in Competitiveness, Commercial Decisions and Internationalisation (CODECI))

  • Kamel Helali

    (University of Sfax
    Research Laboratory in Competitiveness, Commercial Decisions and Internationalisation (CODECI))

Abstract

As digital technologies rapidly transform global economies, the digital financial inclusion index (DFII) has emerged as a critical driver of economic growth, particularly in developing regions. In the context of China, where regional economic disparities persist, the expansion of digital financial services offers a promising avenue to boost regional development, promote inclusive growth, and enhance environmental sustainability. This study looks into how digital financial inclusion affects regional economic growth (GRP) in China’s provinces. It does this by using a panel threshold autoregressive model (PTAR) and a panel smooth transition autoregressive model (PSTAR) to see if the relationship is not always linear. Drawing on data from 31 Chinese provinces between 2003 and 2022, the analysis uncovers significant threshold effects, revealing distinct phases where digital financial inclusion’s influence on economic growth intensifies as financial inclusion increases. Furthermore, digital financial services empower small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual entrepreneurs to invest in eco-friendly innovations and low-emission technologies. By lowering barriers to funding, digital financial inclusion encourages the adoption of cleaner production processes and efficient resource management, which can significantly decrease emissions and improve air quality. Additionally, enhanced financial literacy and access to information through digital platforms enable consumers to make environmentally conscious choices, further contributing to reduced pollution levels. These findings provide empirical evidence of the transformative role of digital finance in both regional development and environmental sustainability, underscoring the need for policy interventions that enhance financial inclusion to drive economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Hamdi Becha & Maha Kalai & Saifeddine Houidi & Kamel Helali, 2025. "Digital financial inclusion, environmental sustainability and regional economic growth in China: insights from a panel threshold model," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 14(1), pages 1-40, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jecstr:v:14:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1186_s40008-025-00347-4
    DOI: 10.1186/s40008-025-00347-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1186/s40008-025-00347-4
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1186/s40008-025-00347-4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liudmila Zavolokina & Mateusz Dolata & Gerhard Schwabe, 2016. "The FinTech phenomenon: antecedents of financial innovation perceived by the popular press," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 2(1), pages 1-16, December.
    2. Yiping Huang & Xun Wang, 2011. "Does Financial Repression Inhibit or Facilitate Economic Growth? A Case Study of Chinese Reform Experience," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 73, pages 833-855, December.
    3. Jalil, Abdul & Feridun, Mete, 2011. "The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 284-291, March.
    4. Suri, Tavneet & Bharadwaj, Prashant & Jack, William, 2021. "Fintech and household resilience to shocks: Evidence from digital loans in Kenya," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    5. Maren Duvendack & Philip Mader, 2020. "Impact Of Financial Inclusion In Low‐ And Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review Of Reviews," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(3), pages 594-629, July.
    6. Stephen K. Dimnwobi & Kingsley I. Okere & Favour C. Onuoha & Benedict I. Uzoechina & Chukwunonso Ekesiobi & Ebele S. Nwokoye, 2023. "Energising Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of Governance Quality in Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Energy Poverty," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 23/050, African Governance and Development Institute..
    7. Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2008. "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 50-93, January.
    8. Shanshan Wu & Zixuan Wang & Chiwei Su & Weike Zhang, 2023. "Digital Media and Green Development Path in Asia: Does Digital Financial Inclusion Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    9. Fareed, Zeeshan & Rehman, Mubeen Abdur & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Wang, Yihan & Ahmad, Munir & Shahzad, Farrukh, 2022. "Financial inclusion and the environmental deterioration in Eurozone: The moderating role of innovation activity," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    10. Hanhua Shao & Jixin Cheng & Yuansheng Wang & Xiaoming Li, 2022. "Can Digital Finance Promote Comprehensive Carbon Emission Performance? Evidence from Chinese Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    11. Jennifer T Lai & Jing Xie & Shiyun Cao & Hao Zhang, 2022. "Digital financial inclusion and illegal fundraising in China," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(48), pages 5575-5590, October.
    12. Zhanqiang Zhou & Yuehua Zhang & Zhongbao Yan, 2022. "Will Digital Financial Inclusion Increase Chinese Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Agricultural Technology?," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-21, September.
    13. Sheng Xu & Jingwen Wang, 2023. "The Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on the Level of Agricultural Output," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, February.
    14. Barry P. Bosworth & Susan M. Collins, 2003. "The Empirics of Growth: An Update," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 34(2), pages 113-206.
    15. Sadorsky, Perry, 2010. "The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 2528-2535, May.
    16. Miriam Bruhn & Inessa Love, 2014. "The Real Impact of Improved Access to Finance: Evidence from Mexico," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(3), pages 1347-1376, June.
    17. Adams, Samuel, 2009. "Foreign Direct investment, domestic investment, and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 939-949, November.
    18. Hansen, Bruce E., 1999. "Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 345-368, December.
    19. Subroto Rapih & Budi Wahyono, 2023. "The relative impact of traditional and digital financial inclusion on economic growth: a threshold regression-based comparative analysis," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(6), pages 781-803, November.
    20. Aziz, Abdul & Naima, Umma, 2021. "Rethinking Digital Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Bangladesh," SocArXiv 7sr5c, Center for Open Science.
    21. Lv, Miaochen & Bai, Manying, 2021. "Evaluation of China's carbon emission trading policy from corporate innovation," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    22. Mingzhao Xiong & Wenqi Li & Brian Sheng Xian Teo & Jaizah Othman, 2022. "Can China’s Digital Inclusive Finance Alleviate Rural Poverty? An Empirical Analysis from the Perspective of Regional Economic Development and an Income Gap," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-18, December.
    23. Peterson K. Ozili & Sok Heng Lay & Aamir Aijaz Syed, 2023. "Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in secular and religious countries," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 31(4), pages 420-444, February.
    24. Ogundari, Kolawole & Awokuse, Titus, 2018. "Human capital contribution to economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does health status matter more than education?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 131-140.
    25. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
    26. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Li, Jiaman & Dong, Xiucheng & Dong, Kangyin, 2022. "How financial inclusion affects the collaborative reduction of pollutant and carbon emissions: The case of China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    27. Robert J. Barro, 2001. "Human Capital and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(2), pages 12-17, May.
    28. Chang, Lei & Iqbal, Sajid & Chen, Huangen, 2023. "Does financial inclusion index and energy performance index co-move?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    29. Levine, Ross, 2005. "Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 12, pages 865-934, Elsevier.
    30. Zhang, Yue-Jun, 2011. "The impact of financial development on carbon emissions: An empirical analysis in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 2197-2203, April.
    31. Guohua He & Lu Shen & Ahmed Farouk, 2021. "Whether Digital Financial Inclusion Can Improve Capital Misallocation or Not: A Study Based on the Moderating Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty," Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Hindawi, vol. 2021, pages 1-12, December.
    32. Yin, Zhichao & Gong, Xue & Guo, Peiyao & Wu, Tao, 2019. "What Drives Entrepreneurship in Digital Economy? Evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 66-73.
    33. repec:osf:socarx:7sr5c_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    34. Chen, Hao & Qi, Shaozhou & Zhang, Jihong, 2022. "Towards carbon neutrality with Chinese characteristics: From an integrated perspective of economic growth-equity-environment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    35. Chengyu Han & Zhaolin Gu & Hexiang Yang, 2021. "EKC Test of the Relationship between Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution and Economic Growth—A Spatial Econometric Analysis Based on Chinese City Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-16, September.
    36. Peterson K. Ozili, 2018. "Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 18(4), pages 329-340, December.
    37. A. Bhargava & L. Franzini & W. Narendranathan, 2006. "Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Econometrics, Statistics And Computational Approaches In Food And Health Sciences, chapter 4, pages 61-77, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    38. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    39. Damiaan Persyn & Joakim Westerlund, 2008. "Error-correction–based cointegration tests for panel data," Stata Journal, StataCorp LLC, vol. 8(2), pages 232-241, June.
    40. Sun, Yang & Tang, Xinwei, 2022. "The impact of digital inclusive finance on sustainable economic growth in China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    41. Jennifer T. Lai & Isabel K. M. Yan & Xingjian Yi & Hao Zhang, 2020. "Digital Financial Inclusion and Consumption Smoothing in China," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 28(1), pages 64-93, January.
    42. Perekunah Eregha, 2012. "The Dynamic Linkages between Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Investment in ECOWAS Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 24(3), pages 208-220.
    43. Benjamin Born & Jörg Breitung, 2016. "Testing for Serial Correlation in Fixed-Effects Panel Data Models," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(7), pages 1290-1316, August.
    44. Hicks, J. R., 1969. "A Theory of Economic History," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198811633, Decembrie.
    45. Lv, Chengchao & Song, Jie & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Can digital finance narrow the regional disparities in the quality of economic growth? Evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 502-521.
    46. Beck, Thorsten & Pamuk, Haki & Ramrattan, Ravindra & Uras, Burak R., 2018. "Payment instruments, finance and development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 162-186.
    47. Wang, Zongrun & Cao, Xuxin & Ren, Xiaohang & Gozgor, Giray, 2024. "Digital finance and the energy transition: Evidence from Chinese prefecture-level cities," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    48. Yu, Lili & Zhao, Duanyang & Xue, Zihao & Gao, Yang, 2020. "Research on the use of digital finance and the adoption of green control techniques by family farms in China," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    49. Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis, 2018. "Fintech and regtech: Impact on regulators and banks," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 7-25.
    50. Jerik Hanushek & Dennis Kimko, 2006. "Schooling, Labor-force Quality, and the Growth of Nations," Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, National Research University Higher School of Economics, issue 1, pages 154-193.
    51. Dick van Dijk & Dennis Fok & Philip Hans Franses, 2005. "A multi-level panel STAR model for US manufacturing sectors," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(6), pages 811-827.
    52. Aziz, Abdul & Naima, Umma, 2021. "Rethinking digital financial inclusion: Evidence from Bangladesh," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    53. Onuoha, Favour Chidinma & Dimnwobi, Stephen Kelechi & Okere, Kingsley Ikechukwu & Ekesiobi, Chukwunonso, 2023. "Funding the green transition: Governance quality, public debt, and renewable energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    54. Tamazian, Artur & Chousa, Juan Piñeiro & Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, 2009. "Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 246-253, January.
    55. Hasanul Banna & Md Rabiul Alam, 2021. "Impact of digital financial inclusion on ASEAN banking stability: implications for the post-Covid-19 era," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(2), pages 504-523, May.
    56. Fortune Ganda, 2021. "The influence of growth determinants on environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa states," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 7117-7139, May.
    57. Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu, 2018. "Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability," MPRA Paper 84771, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    58. Thorsten Beck & Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Ross Levine, 2007. "Finance, inequality and the poor," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 27-49, March.
    59. Liu Yang & Youtang Zhang, 2020. "Digital Financial Inclusion and Sustainable Growth of Small and Micro Enterprises—Evidence Based on China’s New Third Board Market Listed Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-21, May.
    60. Hongmei Wen & Jingliang Yue & Jian Li & Xuedan Xiu & Shen Zhong, 2022. "Can digital finance reduce industrial pollution? New evidence from 260 cities in China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(4), pages 1-22, April.
    61. Oketch, Moses O., 2006. "Determinants of human capital formation and economic growth of African countries," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 554-564, October.
    62. Mohsin Shabir, 2024. "Does Financial Inclusion Promote Environmental Sustainability: Analyzing the Role of Technological Innovation and Economic Globalization," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 19-46, March.
    63. Dinda, Soumyananda, 2004. "Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 431-455, August.
    64. Rijia Ding & Fenfen Shi & Suli Hao, 2022. "Digital Inclusive Finance, Environmental Regulation, and Regional Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Based on Spatial Spillover Effect and Panel Threshold Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-25, April.
    65. Wenjing Zhang & Hengzhou Xu, 2017. "Exploring the causal relationship between carbon emissions and land urbanization quality in China using a panel data analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1445-1462, August.
    66. Daniela Gabor & Sally Brooks, 2017. "The digital revolution in financial inclusion: international development in the fintech era," New Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(4), pages 423-436, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shreya Pal & Indranil Bandyopadhyay, 2022. "Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, financial development, financial efficiency, financial stability, and profitability: an international evidence," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(9), pages 1-29, September.
    2. Mingzhao Xiong & Wenqi Li & Chenjie Jenny & Peixu Wang, 2023. "Financial Inclusion through Digitalization: Improving Emerging Drivers of Industrial Pollution—Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-17, June.
    3. Ao Yang & Mao Yang & Fuyong Zhang & Aza Azlina Md Kassim & Peixu Wang, 2024. "Has Digital Financial Inclusion Curbed Carbon Emissions Intensity? Considering Technological Innovation and Green Consumption in China," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 19127-19156, December.
    4. Gallego-Losada, María-Jesús & Montero-Navarro, Antonio & García-Abajo, Elisa & Gallego-Losada, Rocío, 2023. "Digital financial inclusion. Visualizing the academic literature," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    5. Qiutong Xue & Sixian Feng & Kairan Chen & Muchen Li, 2022. "Impact of Digital Finance on Regional Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Study of Sustainable Development in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-26, July.
    6. Hadi Esmaeilpour Moghadam & Vahid Dehbashi, 2018. "The impact of financial development and trade on environmental quality in Iran," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 1777-1799, June.
    7. Qianqian Li & Qilin Liu, 2023. "Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Residents’ Income and Income Structure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Mohsin Shabir, 2024. "Does Financial Inclusion Promote Environmental Sustainability: Analyzing the Role of Technological Innovation and Economic Globalization," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 19-46, March.
    9. Su-Yin Cheng & Chih-Ping Yu & Han Hou, 2025. "Investigating the role of financial development in mitigating carbon emissions across diverse financial economies," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 1-31, February.
    10. Baozhen Chen & Jinzheng Ren, 2022. "Does the Adoption of Digital Payment Improve the Financial Availability of Farmer Households? Evidence from China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-20, September.
    11. Weidong Chen & Xiaohui Yuan, 2021. "Financial inclusion in China: an overview," Frontiers of Business Research in China, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 1-21, December.
    12. Pengju Liu & Yitong Zhang & Shengqi Zhou, 2023. "Has Digital Financial Inclusion Narrowed the Urban–Rural Income Gap? A Study of the Spatial Influence Mechanism Based on Data from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-20, February.
    13. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Wu, Yi-Chen & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2020. "Carbon dioxide emissions and the finance curse," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    14. PU, Zhengning & FEI, Jinhua, 2022. "The impact of digital finance on residential carbon emissions: Evidence from China," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 515-527.
    15. Iftikhar Yasin & Nawaz Ahmad & Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary, 2021. "The impact of financial development, political institutions, and urbanization on environmental degradation: evidence from 59 less-developed economies," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6698-6721, May.
    16. Aurolipsa Das & Narayan Sethi, 2023. "Modelling the environmental pollution-institutional quality nexus in low- and middle-income countries: exploring the role of financial development and educational level," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 1492-1518, February.
    17. Nayab Akhtar & Abdul Rashid, 2024. "Financial development and sustainable development: A review of literature," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(6), pages 7114-7139, December.
    18. George S. Chen & Emmanuel Kwaku Manu & Dennis Asante, 2023. "Achieving environmental sustainability in Africa: The role of financial institutions development on carbon emissions," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(5), pages 3272-3290, October.
    19. Song, Quanyun & Li, Jie & Wu, Yu & Yin, Zhichao, 2020. "Accessibility of financial services and household consumption in China: Evidence from micro data," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    20. Ali Raza Cheema & Attiya Yasmin Javid, 2015. "The Relationship between Disaggregate Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Environment for Asian Developing Economies," PIDE-Working Papers 2015:115, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Digital financial inclusion; Regional economy growth; Panel threshold models; China;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General
    • O11 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jecstr:v:14:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1186_s40008-025-00347-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.