IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v14y2025i4p739-d1623724.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Nonlinear Impact of Economic Growth Pressure on Urban Land Green Utilization Efficiency—Empirical Research from China

Author

Listed:
  • Xinyue Wang

    (School of Public Administration, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

  • Kegao Yan

    (School of Public Administration, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

  • Yang Shi

    (School of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China)

  • Han Hu

    (School of Public Administration, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

  • Shanjun Mao

    (School of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China)

Abstract

China’s unique economic growth target system exerts significant economic growth pressure (EGP) on local officials, leading to notable economic and environmental consequences for urban land use. Consequently, this system is theoretically expected to have a significant impact on urban land green utilization efficiency (ULGUE). This study investigates the invisible institutional factors that shape ULGUE within China’s distinct economic growth target system. The results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between EGP and ULGUE, and this nonlinear relationship is statistically significant in central, western, and northeastern cities but not in eastern cities. EGP influences ULGUE in a non-monotonic manner by affecting land marketization, green technology innovation, and industrial structure upgrading. Furthermore, environmental regulation and financial technology investment moderate the relationship between EGP and ULGUE. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inverted U-shaped relationship is more pronounced in resource-dependent cities and cities with stringent target constraints. This study contributes empirical evidence on the interaction between EGP and ULGUE while offering both theoretical insights and practical implications.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinyue Wang & Kegao Yan & Yang Shi & Han Hu & Shanjun Mao, 2025. "The Nonlinear Impact of Economic Growth Pressure on Urban Land Green Utilization Efficiency—Empirical Research from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-29, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:4:p:739-:d:1623724
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/4/739/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/4/739/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gianni Guastella & Stefano Pareglio & Paolo Sckokai, 2017. "A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Land Use Efficiency in Large and Small Municipalities," Working Papers 2017.03, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    2. Liu, Shuchang & Xiao, Wu & Li, Linlin & Ye, Yanmei & Song, Xiaoli, 2020. "Urban land use efficiency and improvement potential in China: A stochastic frontier analysis," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    3. Stefan Ambec & Mark A. Cohen & Stewart Elgie & Paul Lanoie, 2013. "The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness?," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 7(1), pages 2-22, January.
    4. Liu, Dayong & Xu, Chunfa & Yu, Yongze & Rong, Kaijian & Zhang, Junyan, 2020. "Economic growth target, distortion of public expenditure and business cycle in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    5. Zhu, Junpeng & Lin, Boqiang, 2022. "Economic growth pressure and energy efficiency improvement: Empirical evidence from Chinese cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    6. Jonah B. Gelbach, 2016. "When Do Covariates Matter? And Which Ones, and How Much?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(2), pages 509-543.
    7. Liu, Zekun & Jiang, Caixin & Huang, Jun & Zhang, Weiwen & Li, Xuewen, 2023. "Fiscal incentive, political incentive, and strategic interaction of illegal land use by local governments," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    8. Zhao, Zhe & Bai, Yuping & Wang, Guofeng & Chen, Jiancheng & Yu, Jiangli & Liu, Wei, 2018. "Land eco-efficiency for new-type urbanization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 19-26.
    9. Xing Li & Chong Liu & Xi Weng & Li-An Zhou, 2019. "Target Setting in Tournaments: Theory and Evidence from China," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 129(623), pages 2888-2915.
    10. Yu, Nannan & de Roo, Gert & de Jong, Martin & Storm, Servaas, 2016. "Does the expansion of a motorway network lead to economic agglomeration? Evidence from China," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 218-227.
    11. Aiping Wang & Weifen Lin & Bei Liu & Hui Wang & Hong Xu, 2021. "Does Smart City Construction Improve the Green Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land?," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-18, June.
    12. Ouyang, Xiaoling & Li, Qiong & Du, Kerui, 2020. "How does environmental regulation promote technological innovations in the industrial sector? Evidence from Chinese provincial panel data," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    13. Liu, Yong & Fan, Peilei & Yue, Wenze & Song, Yan, 2018. "Impacts of land finance on urban sprawl in China: The case of Chongqing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 420-432.
    14. Liang, Ting & Zhang, Yue-Jun & Qiang, Wei, 2022. "Does technological innovation benefit energy firms’ environmental performance? The moderating effect of government subsidies and media coverage," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    15. Yu, Junqing & Zhou, Kaile & Yang, Shanlin, 2019. "Land use efficiency and influencing factors of urban agglomerations in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    16. Li, Hongbin & Zhou, Li-An, 2005. "Political turnover and economic performance: the incentive role of personnel control in China," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(9-10), pages 1743-1762, September.
    17. Wu, Haitao & Xu, Lina & Ren, Siyu & Hao, Yu & Yan, Guoyao, 2020. "How do energy consumption and environmental regulation affect carbon emissions in China? New evidence from a dynamic threshold panel model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Jingxia Chai & Yu Hao & Haitao Wu & Yuemiao Yang, 2021. "Do constraints created by economic growth targets benefit sustainable development? Evidence from China," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(8), pages 4188-4205, December.
    19. JiSun Chung & SungMan Yoon, 2023. "Effects of Tax Incentive Policies for Land Use on Local Socioeconomic Conditions: A Case of Tax Policies for Urban Regeneration Projects in Republic of Korea," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-11, September.
    20. Xue, Dan & Yue, Li & Ahmad, Fayyaz & Draz, Muhammad Umar & Chandio, Abbas Ali & Ahmad, Munir & Amin, Waqas, 2022. "Empirical investigation of urban land use efficiency and influencing factors of the Yellow River basin Chinese cities," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    21. Chaobo Zhou & Jingchan Wang & Zhiwei Wu, 2024. "Impact of China’s Energy-Consuming Right Trading on Urban Land Green Utilization Efficiency," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, May.
    22. Tian, Ying & Feng, Chao, 2022. "The internal-structural effects of different types of environmental regulations on China's green total-factor productivity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    23. Hengzhou Xu & Zhongyue Li & Luyu Guo & Yingfei Liu, 2025. "The Impact of Innovative City Pilot Policy on Urban Land Green Use Efficiency: A Quasi-Natural Experiment from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-19, January.
    24. Chen, Ye & Li, Hongbin & Zhou, Li-An, 2005. "Relative performance evaluation and the turnover of provincial leaders in China," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 421-425, September.
    25. He, Lihua & Chen, Liyan, 2021. "The incentive effects of different government subsidy policies on green buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    26. Feng, Juan & Lichtenberg, Erik & Ding, Chengri, 2015. "Balancing act: Economic incentives, administrative restrictions, and urban land expansion in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 184-197.
    27. Liu, Yansui, 2018. "Introduction to land use and rural sustainability in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1-4.
    28. Ge, Tao & Cai, Xuesen & Song, Xiaowei, 2022. "How does renewable energy technology innovation affect the upgrading of industrial structure? The moderating effect of green finance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1106-1114.
    29. Ning Xu & Desen Zhao & Wenjie Zhang & He Zhang & Wanxu Chen & Min Ji & Ming Liu, 2022. "Innovation-Driven Development and Urban Land Low-Carbon Use Efficiency: A Policy Assessment from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-21, September.
    30. Maomao Zhang & Enqing Chen & Cheng Zhang & Chen Liu & Jianxing Li, 2024. "Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Value Based on the Markov–FLUS Model in Ezhou City, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-23, July.
    31. Bai, Caiquan & Xie, Dongshui & Zhang, Yuwei, 2024. "Industrial land transfer and enterprise pollution emissions: Evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 181-194.
    32. Lu, Xinhai & Chen, Danling & Kuang, Bing & Zhang, Chaozheng & Cheng, Chen, 2020. "Is high-tech zone a policy trap or a growth drive? Insights from the perspective of urban land use efficiency," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    33. Yuan Feng & Ying Li & Changfei Nie, 2023. "The Effect of Place-Based Policy on Urban Land Green Use Efficiency: Evidence from the Pilot Free-Trade Zone Establishment in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-19, March.
    34. Wang, Zhongcheng & Li, Xinyue & Xue, Xinhong & Liu, Yahuan, 2022. "More government subsidies, more green innovation? The evidence from Chinese new energy vehicle enterprises," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 11-21.
    35. Lian, Hongping & Li, Hui & Ko, Kilkon, 2019. "Market-led transactions and illegal land use: Evidence from China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 12-20.
    36. Zheng, Wei & Walsh, Patrick Paul, 2019. "Economic growth, urbanization and energy consumption — A provincial level analysis of China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 153-162.
    37. Daron Acemoglu & Jacob Moscona & James A. Robinson, 2016. "State Capacity and American Technology: Evidence from the 19th Century," NBER Working Papers 21932, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    38. Jiekuan Zhang & Yan Zhang, 2023. "Does tourism contribute to the nighttime economy? Evidence from China," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(8), pages 1295-1310, April.
    39. Gyourko, Joseph & Shen, Yang & Wu, Jing & Zhang, Rongjie, 2022. "Land finance in China: Analysis and review," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    40. Gao, Xin & Zhang, Anlu & Sun, Zhanli, 2020. "How regional economic integration influence on urban land use efficiency？ A case study of Wuhan metropolitan area, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    41. Li, Ke & Lin, Boqiang, 2017. "Economic growth model, structural transformation, and green productivity in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 489-500.
    42. Lee, Sanghoon & Oh, Dae-Won, 2015. "Economic growth and the environment in China: Empirical evidence using prefecture level data," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 73-85.
    43. Jiekuan Zhang & Yan Zhang, 2023. "Examining the effects of economic growth pressure on green total factor productivity: evidence from China," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 4309-4337, December.
    44. LAU, Chi Keung Marco, 2010. "New evidence about regional income divergence in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 293-309, June.
    45. Lan, Jing & Li, Qiuming & Zheng, Yuqing & Liu, Zhen, 2023. "The impact of the Low-Carbon City Pilots programme on industrial land transfer by local governments in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 824-842.
    46. Tan, Shukui & Hu, Bixia & Kuang, Bing & Zhou, Min, 2021. "Regional differences and dynamic evolution of urban land green use efficiency within the Yangtze River Delta, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    47. Lu, Xin-hai & Jiang, Xu & Gong, Meng-qi, 2020. "How land transfer marketization influence on green total factor productivity from the approach of industrial structure? Evidence from China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    48. Li, Changsheng & Qi, Yaping & Liu, Shaohui & Wang, Xu, 2022. "Do carbon ETS pilots improve cities' green total factor productivity? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    49. Yanlin Sun & Yuwei Tang & Ge Li, 2023. "Economic growth targets and green total factor productivity: evidence from China," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 66(10), pages 2090-2106, August.
    50. L. Owen Kirkpatrick & Michael Peter Smith, 2011. "The Infrastructural Limits to Growth: Rethinking the Urban Growth Machine in Times of Fiscal Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3), pages 477-503, May.
    51. Qian Wang & Yanan Wang & Wei Chen & Xue Zhou & Minjuan Zhao, 2021. "Factors affecting industrial land use efficiency in China: analysis from government and land market," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(7), pages 10973-10993, July.
    52. Wu, Fulong, 2022. "Land financialisation and the financing of urban development in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    53. Wang, Yuan & Hui, Eddie Chi-man, 2017. "Are local governments maximizing land revenue? Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 196-215.
    54. Zhang, Qiming & Zhao, Xuan, 2024. "Can the digital economy facilitate the optimization of industrial structure in resource-based cities?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 405-416.
    55. Guangya Zhou & Helian Xu & Chuanzeng Jiang & Shiqi Deng & Liming Chen & Zhi Zhang, 2024. "Has the Digital Economy Improved the Urban Land Green Use Efficiency? Evidence from the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone Policy," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, June.
    56. Wadho, Waqar & Chaudhry, Azam, 2018. "Innovation and firm performance in developing countries: The case of Pakistani textile and apparel manufacturers," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(7), pages 1283-1294.
    57. Ding, Jian & Liu, Baoliu & Shao, Xuefeng, 2022. "Spatial effects of industrial synergistic agglomeration and regional green development efficiency: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    58. Wu, Zhanchi & Fan, Xiangjun & Zhu, Bangzhu & Xia, Jiahui & Zhang, Lin & Wang, Ping, 2022. "Do government subsidies improve innovation investment for new energy firms: A quasi-natural experiment of China's listed companies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    59. repec:oup:econjl:v:129:y:2019:i:10:p:2888-2915. is not listed on IDEAS
    60. Hassine, Haithem Ben & Mathieu, Claude, 2020. "R&D crowding out or R&D leverage effects: An evaluation of the french cluster-oriented technology policy," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    61. Peng Wang & Zinan Shao & Jian Wang & Qun Wu, 2021. "The impact of land finance on urban land use efficiency: A panel threshold model for Chinese provinces," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(1), pages 310-331, March.
    62. Czarnecki, Adam & Milczarek-Andrzejewska, Dominika & Widła-Domaradzki, Łukasz & Jórasz-Żak, Anna, 2023. "Conflict dynamics over farmland use in the multifunctional countryside," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    63. Daron Acemoglu & Jacob Moscona & James A. Robinson, 2016. "State Capacity and American Technology: Evidence from the Nineteenth Century," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(5), pages 61-67, May.
    64. Haoyang Kang & Meichen Fu & Haoran Kang & Lijiao Li & Xu Dong & Sijia Li, 2024. "The Impacts of Urban Population Growth and Shrinkage on the Urban Land Use Efficiency: A Case Study of the Northeastern Region of China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-27, September.
    65. Liu, Jingming & Hou, Xianhui & Wang, Zhanqi & Shen, Yue, 2021. "Study the effect of industrial structure optimization on urban land-use efficiency in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    66. Xie, Xue & Fang, Bin & Xu, Hanzeyu & He, Shasha & Li, Xin, 2021. "Study on the coordinated relationship between Urban Land use efficiency and ecosystem health in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yin Ma & Minrui Zheng & Xinqi Zheng & Yi Huang & Feng Xu & Xiaoli Wang & Jiantao Liu & Yongqiang Lv & Wenchao Liu, 2023. "Land Use Efficiency Assessment under Sustainable Development Goals: A Systematic Review," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Lisha Pan & Hangang Hu & Xin Jing & Yang Chen & Guan Li & Zhongguo Xu & Yuefei Zhuo & Xueqi Wang, 2022. "The Impacts of Regional Cooperation on Urban Land-Use Efficiency: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Mengchao Yao & Yihua Zhang, 2021. "Evaluation and Optimization of Urban Land-Use Efficiency: A Case Study in Sichuan Province of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-22, February.
    4. Yu Hao & Jingwen Huang & Yunxia Guo & Haitao Wu & Siyu Ren, 2022. "Does the legacy of state planning put pressure on ecological efficiency? Evidence from China," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(7), pages 3100-3121, November.
    5. Tiantian Guo & Xiaoming Wang, 2024. "Effects of Industrial Structure on the Green Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land: A Case Study of the Bohai Rim Region, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-17, September.
    6. Zhai, Ying & Wang, Wenzhi & Zhou, Liying, 2024. "Green efficiency loss caused by economic growth goals: Evidence from an emerging economy," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 983-995.
    7. Yue Zhou & Yi Chen & Yi Hu, 2021. "Assessing Efficiency of Urban Land Utilisation under Environmental Constraints in Yangtze River Delta, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-18, November.
    8. Tan, Shukui & Hu, Bixia & Kuang, Bing & Zhou, Min, 2021. "Regional differences and dynamic evolution of urban land green use efficiency within the Yangtze River Delta, China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    9. Ye Tian & Jiangfeng Li, 2023. "Improvement Pathways for Urban Land Use Efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration at the County Level: A Context-Dependent DEA Based on the Closest Target," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-22, March.
    10. Bin Duan & Xuanming Ji, 2021. "Can Carbon Finance Optimize Land Use Efficiency? The Example of China’s Carbon Emissions Trading Policy," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-18, September.
    11. Guangya Zhou & Helian Xu & Chuanzeng Jiang & Shiqi Deng & Liming Chen & Zhi Zhang, 2024. "Has the Digital Economy Improved the Urban Land Green Use Efficiency? Evidence from the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone Policy," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, June.
    12. Xinhai Lu & Zhenxing Shi & Jia Li & Junhao Dong & Mingjie Song & Jiao Hou, 2022. "Research on the Impact of Factor Flow on Urban Land Use Efficiency from the Perspective of Urbanization," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-17, March.
    13. Hao Su & Shuo Yang, 2022. "Spatio-Temporal Urban Land Green Use Efficiency under Carbon Emission Constraints in the Yellow River Basin, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-28, October.
    14. Zhang, Han & Zheng, Jinhui & Hunjra, Ahmed Imran & Zhao, Shikuan & Bouri, Elie, 2024. "How does urban land use efficiency improve resource and environment carrying capacity?," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    15. Siwen Xia & Jiaying Han & Anglu Li & Penghao Ye & Huarong Zhang, 2024. "Impact of Free Trade (Pilot) Zone Establishment on Urban Land Use Efficiency—Empirical Evidence from Cities in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, July.
    16. Yanxi Lei & Zuoji Dong & Jichang Dong & Zhi Dong, 2023. "Multidimensional Evaluation of Urban Land-Use Efficiency and Innovation Capability Analysis: A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-20, April.
    17. Liu Yang & Bingyang Han & Zhili Ma & Ting Wang & Yingchao Lin, 2022. "Analysis of the Urban Land Use Efficiency in the New-Type Urbanization Process of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-22, July.
    18. Jing Ning & Mengqiu Wang & Ning Wang & Yu Sun & Haozhi Ma, 2025. "Assessment, Evolutionary Trends, and Convergence of Land Green Utilization Efficiency in Three Northeastern Provinces of China Undergoing Population Shrinkage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-18, February.
    19. Keliang Wang & Bin Zhao & Tianzheng Fan & Jinning Zhang, 2022. "Economic Growth Targets and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-16, June.
    20. Fanchao Kong & Kaixiao Zhang & Hengshu Fu & Lina Cui & Yang Li & Tengteng Wang, 2023. "Temporal–Spatial Variations and Convergence Analysis of Land Use Eco-Efficiency in the Urban Agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-20, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:4:p:739-:d:1623724. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.