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Financial development, international financial integration, and income inequality: An emerging markets perspective

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  • Yıldırım, Zal
  • Şendeniz-Yüncü, İlkay

Abstract

This study examines the effect of financial development and financial integration on income inequality in 31 emerging and developing countries over the period 2000–2019. The empirical analysis in this study employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. Our findings show that banking sector development is associated with increased income inequality, whereas stock market development is associated with reduced inequality, particularly when both banking and stock market indicators are simultaneously included in the regressions. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the critical role of both bank-based and market-based development measures in addressing the financial sector’s influence on income inequality. We further show that financial openness mitigates income inequality, contributing to a relatively understudied area of literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Yıldırım, Zal & Şendeniz-Yüncü, İlkay, 2025. "Financial development, international financial integration, and income inequality: An emerging markets perspective," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:77:y:2025:i:pa:s0275531925001734
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102917
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    Keywords

    Income inequality; Gini coefficient; financial development; financial integration; openness;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
    • O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General

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