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Financial development, income inequality, and institutional quality: A multi-dimensional analysis

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  • Cong Minh Huynh
  • Nam Hoai Tran

Abstract

Ambiguous impacts of financial development on income inequality in the literature imply that the impacts can be affected by other variables and may depend on different dimensions of financial development. This paper studies the effects of financial development with multi-dimensional analysis (financial depth, financial access, and financial efficiency) of two main categories (financial institutions and financial markets) and institutional quality on income inequality in 30 Asian countries in the period 2000–2019. Results show that the financial institutions development (FI), the financial institutions access (FIA), the financial institutions efficiency (FIE), and the financial markets access (FMA) reduce income inequality; but the overall financial development (OFD), the financial markets development (FM), the financial institutions depth (FID), and the financial markets depth (FMD) increase it. Notably, better institutional quality not only lessens income inequality but also moderates the effects of financial development on income inequality. Specifically, the improvement of institutional quality strengthens the beneficial effects of FI, FIA, FIE, and FMA on income inequality. Meanwhile, OFD, FM, FID, and FMD initially exacerbate income inequality until respective thresholds of institutional quality, and then beyond those levels of IQ, these indicators of financial development reduce income inequality. Results are robust with various estimators. These findings strongly support the importance of financial development with multi-dimensions and institutional reform in Asian countries as they have both direct and indirect impacts on income inequality through their mutual interactions.

Suggested Citation

  • Cong Minh Huynh & Nam Hoai Tran, 2023. "Financial development, income inequality, and institutional quality: A multi-dimensional analysis," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 2242128-224, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:oaefxx:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:2242128
    DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2023.2242128
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    Cited by:

    1. Asongu, Simplice A. & Nchofoung, Tii N., 2025. "The terrorism-finance nexus contingent on globalisation and governance dynamics in Africa," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    2. Tran, Viet Nhu Anh & Huynh, Cong Minh, 2022. "The impact of foreign direct investment on financial development in Asian countries," MPRA Paper 114311, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Abdullah Almounsor & Sami Mensi, 2024. "The Relationship Between Financial Development, Institutions Quality, and Income Inequality from the Sub-Saharan Africa Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(3), pages 14307-14338, September.
    4. Massimo Arnone & Alberto Costantiello & Carlo Drago & Angelo Leogrande, 2025. "ESG Drivers of Financial Development: A Multimethod Analysis of Domestic Credit to the Private Sector," Working Papers hal-05386327, HAL.
    5. Jaya, I Kadek Eka Prana, 2026. "Institutional Quality and Income Inequality: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis," MPRA Paper 128996, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Cakal-Velagic Jurdal & Silajdzic Sabina, 2024. "The Effects of Macroeconomic and Financial Development on Income Inequality: Evidence from the Western Balkans," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 19(1), pages 50-62.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D53 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Financial Markets
    • E02 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
    • P48 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

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