IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eurman/v42y2024i4p539-564.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Organizational risk culture: A literature review on dimensions, assessment, value relevance, and improvement levers

Author

Listed:
  • Bockius, Heike
  • Gatzert, Nadine

Abstract

The topic of organizational risk culture has gained increased attention after the financial crisis from 2007 to 2009, emphasizing the need to establish risk awareness beyond the boundaries of a dedicated risk management department. Despite its importance, the concept of organizational risk culture is not uniquely defined to date. In this paper, we conduct a structured literature review that includes 83 peer-reviewed academic articles, based on which we derive a comprehensive presentation of the concept of organizational risk culture for four major aspects: (i) dimensions of risk culture, (ii) instruments to assess and diagnose risk culture, (iii) insight on the value effect of risk culture (dimensions) on firm performance and applied methodologies, and (iv) improvement levers along the identified dimensions with further influencing factors. We conclude with a discussion of avenues of future research. Our analysis emphasizes the considerable value of a strong organizational risk culture, which should be regularly assessed in firms and improved along the dimensions identified in the paper.

Suggested Citation

  • Bockius, Heike & Gatzert, Nadine, 2024. "Organizational risk culture: A literature review on dimensions, assessment, value relevance, and improvement levers," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 42(4), pages 539-564.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:eurman:v:42:y:2024:i:4:p:539-564
    DOI: 10.1016/j.emj.2023.02.002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263237323000245
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.emj.2023.02.002?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liu, Chiung-Lin & Shang, Kuo-Chung & Lirn, Taih-Cherng & Lai, Kee-Hung & Lun, Y.H. Venus, 2018. "Supply chain resilience, firm performance, and management policies in the liner shipping industry," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 202-219.
    2. Lim, Chu Yeong & Woods, Margaret & Humphrey, Christopher & Seow, Jean Lin, 2017. "The paradoxes of risk management in the banking sector," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 75-90.
    3. Grody, Allan D. & Hughes, Peter J., 2016. "Risk Accounting - Part 1: The risk data aggregation and risk reporting (BCBS 239) foundation of enterprise risk management (ERM) and risk governance," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 9(2), pages 130-146, March.
    4. Bryce, Cormac & Webb, Rob & Cheevers, Carly & Ring, P. & Clark, G., 2016. "Should the insurance industry be banking on risk escalation for solvency II?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 131-139.
    5. Steven Dellaportas & Barry J. Cooper & Peter Braica, 2007. "Leadership, Culture and Employee Deceit: the case of the National Australia Bank," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(6), pages 1442-1452, November.
    6. E. Julie Hald & Alex Gillespie & Tom W. Reader, 2021. "Causal and Corrective Organisational Culture: A Systematic Review of Case Studies of Institutional Failure," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 174(2), pages 457-483, November.
    7. Rochette, Michel, 2009. "From risk management to ERM," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 2(4), pages 394-408, September.
    8. Riccardo Cimini, 2021. "A systematic and bibliometric review on risk culture: a novel theoretical framework," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 22(2), pages 153-168, May.
    9. Hain, Sebastian, 2009. "Managing operational risk: Creating incentives for reporting and disclosing," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 2(3), pages 284-300, June.
    10. Mikko MAKINEN & Derek C. JONES, 2015. "Comparative Efficiency Between Cooperative, Savings And Commercial Banks In Europe Using The Frontier Approach," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 86(3), pages 401-420, September.
    11. Trudell, Christian, 2014. "Internal Audit's role in the risk assessment process at KeyCorp," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 7(4), pages 370-374, September.
    12. Tommaso Palermo & Michael Power & Simon Ashby, 2017. "Navigating Institutional Complexity: The Production of Risk Culture in the Financial Sector," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(2), pages 154-181, March.
    13. Maleen Z. Gong & Nava Subramaniam, 2020. "Principal leadership style and school performance: mediating roles of risk management culture and management control systems use in Australian schools," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(3), pages 2427-2466, September.
    14. Cohen, Marcy S., 2015. "Governance as the driver of culture change and risk management," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 8(4), pages 347-357, October.
    15. Fritz-Morgenthal, Sebastian & Hellmuth, Julia & Packham, Natalie, 2016. "Does risk culture matter? The relationship between risk culture indicators and stress test results," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 9(1), pages 71-84, January.
    16. Mccormack, Peter & Sheen, Andrew, 2013. "Operational risk: Back on the agenda," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 6(4), pages 366-386, September.
    17. Bushman, Robert M. & Davidson, Robert H. & Dey, Aiyesha & Smith, Abbie, 2018. "Bank CEO materialism: Risk controls, culture and tail risk," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 191-220.
    18. Agarwal, Arvind & Gupta, Aparna & Kumar, Arun & Tamilselvam, Srikanth G., 2019. "Learning risk culture of banks using news analytics," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 277(2), pages 770-783.
    19. Meghan P. Leaver & Tom W. Reader, 2019. "Safety Culture in Financial Trading: An Analysis of Trading Misconduct Investigations," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 154(2), pages 461-481, January.
    20. Posch, Arthur, 2020. "Integrating risk into control system design: The complementarity between risk-focused results controls and risk-focused information sharing," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    21. Braumann, Evelyn C. & Grabner, Isabella & Posch, Arthur, 2020. "Tone from the top in risk management: A complementarity perspective on how control systems influence risk awareness," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    22. Walter, Stefan & Narring, Florian, 2020. "How can supervisors and banks promote a culture of strong governance and ethical behaviour?," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 13(2), pages 145-154, March.
    23. Joe Christopher & Gerrit Sarens, 2015. "Risk Management: Its Adoption in Australian Public Universities within an Environment of Change Management – A Management Perspective," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 25(1), pages 2-12, March.
    24. Mikes, Anette, 2011. "From counting risk to making risk count: Boundary-work in risk management," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 226-245.
    25. Gontarek, Walter, 2016. "Risk governance of financial institutions: The growing importance of risk appetite and culture," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 9(2), pages 120-129, March.
    26. Rüdiger Fahlenbrach & Robert Prilmeier & René M. Stulz, 2012. "This Time Is the Same: Using Bank Performance in 1998 to Explain Bank Performance during the Recent Financial Crisis," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(6), pages 2139-2185, December.
    27. Adhikari, Binay Kumar & Agrawal, Anup, 2016. "Does local religiosity matter for bank risk-taking?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 272-293.
    28. Teller, Juliane & Kock, Alexander, 2013. "An Empirical Investigation on How Portfolio Risk Management Influences Project Portfolio Success," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 63248, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    29. Ian A. Harwood & Stephen C. Ward & Chris B. Chapman, 2009. "A grounded exploration of organisational risk propensity," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(5), pages 563-579, July.
    30. Drew, Stephen A. & Kelley, Patricia C. & Kendrick, Terry, 2006. "CLASS: Five elements of corporate governance to manage strategic risk," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 49(2), pages 127-138.
    31. Agnese, Paolo & Capuano, Paolo, 2021. "The culture of risk governance in financial institutions," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 14(3), pages 301-313, June.
    32. Ho, Po-Hsin & Huang, Chia-Wei & Lin, Chih-Yung & Yen, Ju-Fang, 2016. "CEO overconfidence and financial crisis: Evidence from bank lending and leverage," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(1), pages 194-209.
    33. Surendra Arjoon, 2006. "Striking a Balance Between Rules and Principles-based Approaches for Effective Governance: A Risks-based Approach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 68(1), pages 53-82, September.
    34. Mark Farrell & Ronan Gallagher, 2015. "The Valuation Implications of Enterprise Risk Management Maturity," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 82(3), pages 625-657, September.
    35. Hagen Rafeld & Sebastian G. Fritz-Morgenthal & Peter N. Posch, 2020. "Whale Watching on the Trading Floor: Unravelling Collusive Rogue Trading in Banks," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 165(4), pages 633-657, September.
    36. Pan, Yihui & Siegel, Stephan & Wang, Tracy Yue, 2017. "Corporate Risk Culture," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(6), pages 2327-2367, December.
    37. Ruchi Agarwal & Sanjay Kallapur, 2018. "Cognitive risk culture and advanced roles of actors in risk governance: a case study," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 19(4), pages 327-342, August.
    38. André Spicer, 2020. "Organizational Culture and COVID‐19," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(8), pages 1737-1740, December.
    39. Altaaf Osman & Charlene C. Lew, 2021. "Developing a framework of institutional risk culture for strategic decision-making," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(9), pages 1072-1085, November.
    40. Cottrell, Alison, 2018. "The UK Banking Standards Board: An outcome-based approach to assessing organisational culture," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 11(1), pages 47-56, February.
    41. Angela Zeier Roeschmann, 2014. "Risk Culture: What It Is and How It Affects an Insurer's Risk Management," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 17(2), pages 277-296, September.
    42. Coles, Jeffrey L. & Daniel, Naveen D. & Naveen, Lalitha, 2006. "Managerial incentives and risk-taking," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(2), pages 431-468, February.
    43. Kai Li & Feng Mai & Rui Shen & Xinyan Yan, 2021. "Measuring Corporate Culture Using Machine Learning," NBER Chapters, in: Big Data: Long-Term Implications for Financial Markets and Firms, pages 3265-3315, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    44. Nadine Gatzert & Joan Schmit, 2016. "Supporting strategic success through enterprise-wide reputation risk management," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 17(1), pages 26-45, January.
    45. Braumann, Evelyn & Grabner, Isabella & Posch, Arthur, 2020. "Tone from the Top in Risk Management: A Complementarity Perspective on How Control Systems Influence Risk Awareness," Department for Strategy and Innovation Working Paper Series 03/2020, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    46. Fan, Huan & Li, Gang & Sun, Hongyi & Cheng, T.C.E., 2017. "An information processing perspective on supply chain risk management: Antecedents, mechanism, and consequences," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 63-75.
    47. Grody, Allan D. & Hughes, Peter J., 2008. "Financial services in crisis: Operational risk management to the rescue!," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 2(1), pages 47-56, October.
    48. Sheedy, Elizabeth & Zhang, Le & Tam, Kenny Chi Ho, 2019. "Incentives and culture in risk compliance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 1-1.
    49. Bui, Dien Giau & Fang, Yiwei & Lin, Chih-Yung, 2018. "The influence of risk culture on firm returns in times of crisis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 291-306.
    50. Grody, Allan D. & Hughes, Peter J., 2016. "Risk accounting - part 2: The risk data aggregation and risk reporting (BCBS 239) foundation of enterprise risk management (ERM) and risk governance," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 9(3), pages 224-248, June.
    51. Kai Li & Feng Mai & Rui Shen & Xinyan Yan, 2021. "Measuring Corporate Culture Using Machine Learning [Machine learning methods that economists should know about]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(7), pages 3265-3315.
    52. Bianchi, Nicola & Carretta, Alessandro & Farina, Vincenzo & Fiordelisi, Franco, 2021. "Does espoused risk culture pay? Evidence from European banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    53. Nadine Gatzert & Joan Schmit, 2016. "Supporting strategic success through enterprise-wide reputation risk management," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 17(1), pages 26-45, January.
    54. Kyllbert Oliveira & Mirian Méxas & Marcelo Meiriño & Geisa Drumond, 2019. "Critical success factors associated with the implementation of enterprise risk management," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(8), pages 1004-1019, August.
    55. Hald, Julie & Gillespie, Alex & Reader, Tom W., 2021. "Causal and corrective organisational culture: a systematic review of case studies of institutional failure," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 106537, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    56. rochette, michel, 2009. "From risk management to ERM," MPRA Paper 32844, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    57. Chen, Zhongdong & Craig, Karen Ann & Karpovics, Mikhael, 2020. "Once bitten twice shy? Evidence from the U.S. banking industry during the crash of the energy market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    58. Elizabeth Sheedy & Patrick Garcia & Denise Jepsen, 2021. "The Role of Risk Climate and Ethical Self-interest Climate in Predicting Unethical Pro-organisational Behaviour," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 173(2), pages 281-300, October.
    59. Vikash Kumar Sinha & Marika Arena, 2020. "Manifold Conceptions of the Internal Auditing of Risk Culture in the Financial Sector," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 162(1), pages 81-102, February.
    60. Shahzad, Farrukh & Lu, Jing & Fareed, Zeeshan, 2019. "Does firm life cycle impact corporate risk taking and performance?," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 23-44.
    61. Yves Gendron & Marion Brivot & Henri Guénin-Paracini, 2016. "The Construction of Risk Management Credibility Within Corporate Boardrooms," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(3), pages 549-578, September.
    62. Anthony Asher & Tracy Wilcox, 2022. "Virtue and Risk Culture in Finance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 179(1), pages 223-236, August.
    63. Ashby, Simon & Peters, Linda D. & Devlin, James, 2014. "When an irresistible force meets an immovable object: The interplay of agency and structure in the UK financial crisis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 2671-2683.
    64. Nadine Gatzert & Michael Martin, 2015. "Determinants and Value of Enterprise Risk Management: Empirical Evidence From the Literature," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 18(1), pages 29-53, March.
    65. Mikes, Anette, 2008. "Chief risk officers at crunch time: Compliance champions or business partners?," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 2(1), pages 7-25, October.
    66. Faccio, Mara & Marchica, Maria-Teresa & Mura, Roberto, 2016. "CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 193-209.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Soane, Emma, 2025. "Connecting risk, management and organisational goals: integrating risk with organisations’ systems to enhance performance and competitive advantage," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 127665, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. David Rehak & Martin Hromada & Simona Jemelkova & Lenka Brumarova & Ivo Haring, 2025. "Strengthening the Sustainability of Energy Critical Entities Through a Business Continuity Management System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-19, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Acheampong, Albert & Ibeji, Ngozi, 2024. "Risk culture and cost of capital – Insight from European banks," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    2. Jennifer Kunz & Mathias Heitz, 2021. "Banks’ risk culture and management control systems: A systematic literature review," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 32(4), pages 439-493, December.
    3. Ghafoori, Eraj & Mata, Fernanda & Lauren, Nita & Faulkner, Nick & Tear, Morgan J., 2023. "Measuring risk culture in finance: Development of a comprehensive measure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    4. Fang, Yiwei & Fiordelisi, Franco & Hasan, Iftekhar & Leung, Woon Sau & Wong, Gabriel, 2023. "Corporate culture and firm value: Evidence from crisis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    5. Bernhard Streicher & Moritz Bielefeld & Eric Eller, 2023. "The Risk Culture Framework: Introducing an Integrative Framework for Holistic Risk Analysis," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(3), pages 21582440231, August.
    6. Chen, Zhongdong & Craig, Karen Ann & Karpovics, Mikhael, 2020. "Once bitten twice shy? Evidence from the U.S. banking industry during the crash of the energy market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    7. Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz & José Manuel Montes-Peón & Camilo José Vázquez-Ordás, 2022. "The influence of organizational climate, incentives and knowledge sharing on misconduct and risk-taking in banking," Risk Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(1), pages 55-80, March.
    8. Fan, Yaoyao & Jiang, Yuxiang & Jin, Pengcheng & Mai, Yong, 2023. "CEO network centrality and bank risk: Evidence from US Bank holding companies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    9. Semeyutin, Artur & Kaawach, Said & Kara, Alper, 2023. "CEO risk-culture, bank stability and the case of the Silicon Valley Bank," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    10. Ooi, Chai-Aun & Hooy, Chee-Wooi, 2022. "Muslim CEOs, risk-taking and firm performance," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    11. Thi Nguyen, Loan Quynh & Matousek, Roman & Muradoglu, Gulnur, 2024. "Bank capital, liquidity creation and the moderating role of bank culture: An investigation using a machine learning approach," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    12. García, Raffi E. & Harithsa, Jyothsna G. & Owusu, Abena, 2024. "Adding stress in banking: Stress tests and risk-taking sentiments," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    13. Hiep Ngoc Luu & Lan Thi Mai Nguyen & Kieu Trang Vu & Loan Quynh Thi Nguyen, 2023. "The impact of organizational culture on bank stability," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 61(2), pages 501-533, August.
    14. Zaman, Rashid, 2024. "When corporate culture matters: The case of stakeholder violations," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(1).
    15. Lim, Ivan & Hagendorff, Jens & Armitage, Seth, 2019. "Is the fox guarding the henhouse? Bankers in the Federal Reserve, bank leverage and risk-shifting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 478-504.
    16. Huang, Yin-Siang & Lee, Cheng-Few & Lin, Chih-Yung, 2023. "Applications of fixed effect models to managerial risk-taking incentives," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 249-261.
    17. Nair, Sujay & Abernethy, Margaret A. & Jiang, Yile (Anson) & Lillis, Anne M., 2024. "The interdependence between the choice of fixed-term professional workers and the control environment," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    18. Tran, Thanh & Nguyen, Harvey & Pham, Mia Hang, 2025. "Do financial markets value corporate culture?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    19. Julia Eichholz & Nicole Hoffmann & Anja Schwering, 2024. "The role of risk management orientation and the planning function of budgeting in enhancing organizational resilience and its effect on competitive advantages during times of crises," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 35(1), pages 17-58, March.
    20. Giau Bui, Dien & Chen, Yehning & Lin, Chih-Yung & Lin, Tse-Chun, 2021. "Risk-taking of bank CEOs and corporate innovation," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Risk culture; Organizational culture; Risk management; Firm performance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • M14 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - Corporate Culture; Diversity; Social Responsibility

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eurman:v:42:y:2024:i:4:p:539-564. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/115/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.