IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/wbk/wbpubs/2246.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

The Cash Dividend : The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Pedro Lara de Arruda, 2019. "HIV-inclusive and -sensitive cash transfer initiatives: evidence from high-prevalence countries in Eastern and Southern Africa," Working Papers 184, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  2. Gentilini,Ugo, 2016. "The revival of the"cash versus food"debate : new evidence for an old quandary ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7584, The World Bank.
  3. Abigail Barr & Marleen Dekker & Wendy Janssens & Bereket Kebede & Berber Kramer, 2019. "Cooperation in Polygynous Households," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 11(2), pages 266-283, April.
  4. Victoria Monchuk, 2014. "Reducing Poverty and Investing in People : The New Role of Safety Nets in Africa [Réduire la pauvreté et investir dans le capital humain : Le nouveau rôle des filets sociaux en Afrique - études de ," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 16256, December.
  5. Stoeffler, Quentin & Mills, Bradford, 2014. "Households’ investments in durable and productive assets in Niger: quasi-experimental evidences from a cash transfer project," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 170212, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  6. Mr. Alan H. Gelb & Mr. Arnaud Dupuy & Mr. Rabah Arezki, 2012. "Resource Windfalls, Optimal Public Investment and Redistribution: The Role of Total Factor Productivity and Administrative Capacity," IMF Working Papers 2012/200, International Monetary Fund.
  7. Mr. Alexei P Kireyev, 2013. "Inclusive Growth and Inequality in Senegal," IMF Working Papers 2013/215, International Monetary Fund.
  8. Nicoli Nattrass & Jeremy Seekings, 2018. "Employment and labour productivity in high unemployment countries," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 36(S2), pages 769-785, September.
  9. Constance Shumba & Rose Maina & Gladys Mbuthia & Rachel Kimani & Stella Mbugua & Sweta Shah & Amina Abubakar & Stanley Luchters & Sheila Shaibu & Eunice Ndirangu, 2020. "Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-19, September.
  10. Resnick, Danielle & Babu, Suresh & Haggblade, Steven & Hendriks, Sheryl L. & Mather, David, 2015. "Conceptualizing Drivers Of Policy Change In Agriculture, Nutrition, And Food Security: The Kaleidoscope Model," Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers 258732, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security (FSP).
  11. Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "Building a conservative welfare state in Botswana," WIDER Working Paper Series 083, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  12. Evans, David K. & Holtemeyer, Brian & Kosec, Katrina, 2019. "Cash transfers increase trust in local government," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 138-155.
  13. Ebenezer Owusu‐Addo & Andre M. N. Renzaho & Paul Sarfo‐Mensah & Yaw A. Sarpong & William Niyuni & Ben J. Smith, 2023. "Sustainability of cash transfer programs: A realist case study," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(2), pages 173-198, June.
  14. Schleicher, Michael & Souares, Aurélia & Pacere, Athanase Narangoro & Sauerborn, Rainer & Klonner, Stefan, 2016. "Decentralized versus Statistical Targeting of Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from Burkina Faso," Working Papers 0623, University of Heidelberg, Department of Economics.
  15. Tesliuc, Cornelia & Smith, W. James & Sunkutu, Musonda Rosemary, 2013. "Zambia - Using social safety nets to accelerate poverty reduction and share prosperity," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 89708, The World Bank.
  16. Katja Bender & Sonja Keller & Holger Willing, 2015. "The Role of International Policy Transfer and Diffusion for Policy Change in Social Protection - A Review of the State of the Art," IZNE Social Protection Working Paper 14/1, International Centre for Sustainable Development (IZNE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences.
  17. Jenny C. Aker & Rachid Boumnijel & Amanda McClelland & Niall Tierney, 2016. "Payment Mechanisms and Antipoverty Programs: Evidence from a Mobile Money Cash Transfer Experiment in Niger," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(1), pages 1-37.
  18. Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad & Mostafavi-Dehzooei, Mohammad H., 2018. "Cash transfers and labor supply: Evidence from a large-scale program in Iran," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 349-367.
  19. Davis, Benjamin & Di Giuseppe, Stefania & Zezza, Alberto, 2017. "Are African households (not) leaving agriculture? Patterns of households’ income sources in rural Sub-Saharan Africa," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 153-174.
  20. Mr. Antonio David & Mr. Martin Petri, 2013. "Inclusive Growth and the Incidence of Fiscal Policy in Mauritius: Much Progress, But More Could be Done," IMF Working Papers 2013/116, International Monetary Fund.
  21. Malokele Nanivazo, 2013. "Social Transfer Programmes and School Enrolment in Malawi: A Micro‐simulation," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 25(4), pages 663-676, December.
  22. Teppo Eskelinen & Johanna Perkiö, 2018. "Micro‐investment perspective and the potential of the universal basic income," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 36(S2), pages 696-709, September.
  23. Berman, Matthew, 2018. "Resource rents, universal basic income, and poverty among Alaska’s Indigenous peoples," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 161-172.
  24. Maurice Nirere, 2022. "Do social protection cash transfers reduce poverty in Rwanda? Evidence from an econometric analysis of Vision Umurenge Program Direct Support," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 34(1), pages 114-126, March.
  25. David K. Evans & Anna Popova, 2017. "Cash Transfers and Temptation Goods," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(2), pages 189-221.
  26. Scarlato, Margherita & D'Agostino, Giorgio, 2016. "The political economy of cash transfers: a comparative analysis of Latin American and sub-Saharan African experiences," IDOS Discussion Papers 6/2016, German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).
  27. Gentilini, Ugo, 2014. "Our daily bread : what is the evidence on comparing cash versus food transfers?," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 89502, The World Bank.
  28. Bénédicte de la Brière & Deon Filmer & Dena Ringold & Dominic Rohner & Karelle Samuda & Anastasiya Denisova, 2017. "From Mines and Wells to Well-Built Minds," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 26490, December.
  29. Habimana, Dominique & Haughton, Jonathan & Nkurunziza, Joseph & Haughton, Dominique Marie-Annick, 2021. "Measuring the impact of unconditional cash transfers on consumption and poverty in Rwanda," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 23(C).
  30. del Ninno, Carlo & Subbarao, Kalanidhi & Kjellgren, Annika & Quintana, Rodrigo, 2013. "Improving payment mechanisms in cash-based safety net programs," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 84081, The World Bank.
  31. Tesliuc, Cornelia & Silverio Marques, Jose & Mookodi, Lillian & Braithwaite, Jeanine & Sharma, Siddarth & Ntseane, Dolly, 2013. "Botswana social protection," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 89003, The World Bank.
  32. Maria Granvik, 2016. "Policy diffusion, domestic politics and social assistance in Lesotho, 1998–2012," WIDER Working Paper Series 146, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  33. Henk Hulshof, 2019. "Child participation in evaluating social protection projects: Do global development actors walk the talk?," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 19(1), pages 1-20, January.
  34. Sam Hickey & Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "The global politics of social protection," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-115, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  35. Armando Barrientos, 2016. "Inequality, Poverty, and Antipoverty Transfers," Working Papers id:11190, eSocialSciences.
  36. Esso‐Hanam Atake & Yevessé Dandonougbo & Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor‐Komlanvi & Malb Ama N’Danida Yagninim & Didier Koumavi Kouevi, 2024. "Impacts of unconditional cash transfers on health care utilisation in informal sector households in Togo," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1), pages 62-82, January.
  37. Schüring, Esther, 2014. "Preferences for Community-based Targeting - Field Experimental Evidence from Zambia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 360-373.
  38. Facundo Alvaredo & Leonardo Gasparini, 2013. "Recent Trends in Inequality and Poverty in Developing Countries," CEDLAS, Working Papers 0151, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
  39. Stoeffler, Quentin & Mills, Bradford & del Ninno, Carlo, 2016. "Reaching the Poor: Cash Transfer Program Targeting in Cameroon," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 244-263.
  40. Salauddin Tauseef, 2022. "The Importance of Nutrition Education in Achieving Food Security and Adequate Nutrition of the Poor: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 84(1), pages 241-271, February.
  41. Wendy Hunter, 2016. "Formalizing safety nets and the requirements to obtain them: An increased role for identity documents in the Global South," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2016-112, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  42. Francesco Burchi & Margherita Scarlato & Giorgio d'Agostino, 2018. "Addressing Food Insecurity in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Role of Cash Transfers," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(4), pages 564-589, December.
  43. Stephen Devereux & Keetie Roelen & Ricardo Sabates & Rachel Sabates-Wheeler & Dimitri Stoelinga & Arnaud Dyevre, 2019. "Graduating from food insecurity: evidence from graduation projects in Burundi and Rwanda," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(1), pages 219-232, February.
  44. Maria Granvik, 2016. "Policy diffusion, domestic politics and social assistance in Lesotho, 1998-2012," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2016-146, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  45. Makhosazane Nomhle Khoza & Sinead Delany-Moretlwe & Fiona Scorgie & Jennifer Hove & Amanda Selin & John Imrie & Rhian Twine & Kathleen Kahn & Audrey Pettifor & Catherine MacPhail, 2018. "Men’s perspectives on the impact of female-directed cash transfers on gender relations: Findings from the HPTN 068 qualitative study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-14, November.
  46. World Bank, 2015. "From Gas to Cash," World Bank Publications - Reports 22803, The World Bank Group.
  47. Raquel Tebaldi & Anne Esser & Anna Davies Davidsen, 2017. "Promoting child- and gender-sensitive outcomes in cash transfer programmes: a review of different strategies in programme administration," Policy Research Brief 61, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  48. Ana Beatriz Monteiro Costa & Mario Gyoeri & Fábio Veras Soares, 2016. "Scaling up cash transfer programmes: Good practices and lessons learned from Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia," Joint Publications 005, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  49. Malokele Nanivazo, 2013. "Social Transfer Programmes and School Enrolment in Malawi: a Micro-Simulation," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2013-115, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  50. Nwaobi, Godwin, 2023. "An Impact Evaluation of Digital Cash Transfers Scheme on Income Poverty in Nigeria," MPRA Paper 118228, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  51. Armando Barrientos & Jasmina Byrne & Juan Miguel Villa & Paola Peña, 2013. "Social Transfers and Child Protection," Papers inwopa691, Innocenti Working Papers.
  52. Houssou, Nazaire & Asante-Addo, Collins & Andam, Kwaw S., 2017. "Improving the targeting of fertilizer subsidy programs in Africa south of the Sahara: Perspectives from the Ghanaian experience," IFPRI discussion papers 1622, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
  53. Melisew Dejene Lemma & Logan Cochrane, 2020. "Social Protection Implementation Issues in Ethiopia: Client Households’ Perceived Enablers and Constrainers of the Productive Safety Net Program," Societies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-14, September.
  54. Pedro Arruda & Laura Dubois, 2018. "A brief history of Zambia's social cash transfer programme," Policy Research Brief 62, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  55. Sam Hamer & Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "Social protection, electoral competition, and political branding in Malawi," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-99, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  56. Fischer, A.M., 2017. "Dilemmas of externally financing domestic expenditures: Rethinking the political economy of aid and social protection through the monetary transformation dilemma," ISS Working Papers - General Series 629, International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS), The Hague.
  57. Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "Building a conservative welfare state in Botswana," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-83, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  58. d'Agostino, Giorgio & Pieroni, Luca & Scarlato, Margherita, 2013. "Social Protection and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Evaluation of Cash Transfer Programmes," MPRA Paper 49536, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  59. Mohammed U. Hussaini & Chinoko. I. S & Inuwa Abdu Ibrahim & Gregory Ehimen Igiba, 2021. "The Impact of Incentives on Ante Natal Care and Delivery in Bauchi State. A Case Study of Conditional Cash Transfer," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 8(10), pages 77-83, October.
  60. Sophie Song and Katsushi S. Imai, 2018. "Does the Hunger Safety Net Programme Reduce Multidimensional Poverty? Evidence from Kenya," OPHI Working Papers ophiwp124.pdf, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
  61. World Bank, 2012. "Resilience, Equity, and Opportunity [Capacidad de recuperación, equidad y oportunidades]," World Bank Publications - Reports 12648, The World Bank Group.
  62. Steve Muchiri & Sun‐Ki Choi, 2021. "Evaluating the significance of cash transfers on household consumption," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 33(4), pages 662-673, December.
  63. Devereux, Stephen,, 2015. "Realising the right to social security and the right to food : the contribution of national social protection floors towards food security and the realisation of the right to adequate food for all," ILO Working Papers 994886763402676, International Labour Organization.
  64. World Bank, 2016. "Bangladesh Social Protection and Labor Review," World Bank Publications - Reports 25265, The World Bank Group.
  65. Melo, P. C. & Abdul-Salam, Yakubu & Roberts, D. & Colen, L. & Mary, S. & Gomez Y Paloma, S., 2016. "Income growth and malnutrition in Africa: Is there a need for region-specific policies?," 90th Annual Conference, April 4-6, 2016, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 236372, Agricultural Economics Society.
  66. Wendy Hunter, 2016. "Formalizing safety nets and the requirements to obtain them: An increased role for identity documents in the Global South," WIDER Working Paper Series 112, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  67. Bhalla, Garima & Handa, Sudhanshu & Angeles, Gustavo & Seidenfeld, David, 2018. "The effect of cash transfers and household vulnerability on food security in Zimbabwe," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 82-99.
  68. Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "‘Affordability’ and the political economy of social protection in contemporary Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series 043, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  69. Sam Hickey & Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "The global politics of social protection," WIDER Working Paper Series 115, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  70. UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa & Giovanni Andrea Cornia, "undated". "Inequality Levels, Trends and Determinants in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of main changes since the early 1990s," UNDP Africa Policy Notes 2017-03, United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Africa.
  71. Mr. David Coady & Valentina Flamini & Louis Sears, 2015. "The Unequal Benefits of Fuel Subsidies Revisited: Evidence for Developing Countries," IMF Working Papers 2015/250, International Monetary Fund.
  72. Audrey Pereira & UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, 2016. "Prevention, Protection, and Production: Evidence from the Zambian Child Grant Programme," Papers inores797, Innocenti Research Briefs.
  73. Barrientos Armando & Villa Juan Miguel, 2015. "Evaluating Antipoverty Transfer Programmes in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Better Policies? Better Politics?," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 147-179, June.
  74. Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "'Affordability' and the political economy of social protection in contemporary Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-43, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  75. Dorfman,Mark Charles, 2015. "Pension patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa," Social Protection and Labor Policy and Technical Notes 98131, The World Bank.
  76. Mr. Daouda Sembene, 2015. "Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Did the Walk Match the Talk under the PRSP Approach?," IMF Working Papers 2015/122, International Monetary Fund.
  77. Tagel Gebrehiwot & Carolina Castilla, 2018. "Do safety net transfers improve household diets and reduce undernutrition? Evidence from rural Ethiopia," Working Papers PMMA 2018-03, PEP-PMMA.
  78. Armando Barrientos, 2013. "Human Development Income Transfers in the Longer Term," Working Papers 116, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  79. Hertog, Steffen, 2020. "Reforming wealth distribution in Kuwait: estimating costs and impacts," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 105564, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  80. Barrientos Armando & Villa Juan Miguel, 2015. "Evaluating Antipoverty Transfer Programmes in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Better Policies? Better Politics?," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 147-179, June.
  81. Salti, Nisreen & Chaaban, Jad & Moussa, Wael & Irani, Alexandra & Al Mokdad, Rima & Jamaluddine, Zeina & Ghattas, Hala, 2022. "The impact of cash transfers on Syrian refugees in Lebanon: Evidence from a multidimensional regression discontinuity design," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  82. Malokele Nanivazo, 2013. "Social Transfer Programmes and School Enrolment in Malawi: A Micro-simulation," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 25(4), pages 663-676.
  83. Justine Briaux & Yves Martin-Prevel & Sophie Carles & Sandra Fortin & Yves Kameli & L. Adubra & A. Renk & Y. Agboka & M. Romedenne & F. Mukantambara & J. van Dyck & J. Boko & Renaud Becquet & M. Savy, 2020. "Evaluation of an unconditional cash transfer program targeting children's first-1,000-days linear growth in rural Togo: A cluster-randomized controlled trial," Post-Print hal-03165338, HAL.
  84. Sudhanshu Handa & Luisa Natali & David Seidenfeld & Gelson Tembo & Zambia Cash Transfer Evaluation Team & UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2015. "The Impact of Zambia’s Unconditional Child Grant on Schooling and Work: Results from a large-scale social experiment," Papers inwopa776, Innocenti Working Papers.
  85. Janine Berg, 2015. "Income support for the unemployed and the poor," Chapters, in: Janine Berg (ed.), Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality, chapter 10, pages 263-286, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  86. M. Savy & S. Fortin & Y. Kameli & S. Renault & C. Couderc & A. Gamli & K. Amouzou & M. L. Perenze & Y. Martin-Prevel, 2020. "Impact of a food voucher program in alleviating household food insecurity in two cities in Senegal during a food price crisis," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 12(2), pages 465-478, April.
  87. Devereux, Stephen, 2016. "Social protection for enhanced food security in sub-Saharan Africa," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 52-62.
  88. Sam Hamer & Jeremy Seekings, 2017. "Social protection, electoral competition, and political branding in Malawi," WIDER Working Paper Series 099, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  89. Aker,Jenny C., 2015. "Comparing cash and voucher transfers in a humanitarian context : evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7469, The World Bank.
  90. International Monetary Fund, 2014. "Togo: Staff Report for 2013 Article IV Consultation," IMF Staff Country Reports 2014/038, International Monetary Fund.
  91. Ana Beatriz Monteiro Costa & Mario Gyoeri & Fábio Veras Soares, 2020. "Expansion de programmes de transferts monétaires : bonnes pratiques et enseignements tirés du Kenya, de la Tanzanie et de la Zambie," Joint Publications French 005, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  92. Fisher, Eleanor & Attah, Ramlatu & Barca, Valentina & O'Brien, Clare & Brook, Simon & Holland, Jeremy & Kardan, Andrew & Pavanello, Sara & Pozarny, Pamela, 2017. "The Livelihood Impacts of Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa: Beneficiary Perspectives from Six Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 299-319.
  93. Handa, Sudhanshu & Natali, Luisa & Seidenfeld, David & Tembo, Gelson & Davis, Benjamin, 2018. "Can unconditional cash transfers raise long-term living standards? Evidence from Zambia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 42-65.
  94. Torkelson, Erin, 2020. "Collateral damages: Cash transfer and debt transfer in South Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  95. Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, 2017. "Income Inequality Trends in sub-Saharan Africa: Divergence, determinants and consequences: Inequality Levels, Trends and Determinants in sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview of main changes since the early," UNDP Africa Reports 267642, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
  96. Anne Esser & Charlotte Bilo & Raquel Tebaldi, 2019. "How can cash transfer programmes work for women and children? A review of gender- and child-sensitive design features," Working Papers 178, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
  97. repec:rac:ecchap:2017-03 is not listed on IDEAS
  98. Pega, Frank & Gilsanz, Paola & Kawachi, Ichiro & Wilson, Nick & Blakely, Tony, 2017. "Cumulative receipt of an anti-poverty tax credit for families did not impact tobacco smoking among parents," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 160-165.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.