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The Costs of Patronage: Evidence from the British Empire

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Cyril Chalendard & Ana M Fernandes & Gael Raballand & Bob Rijkers, 2023. "Corruption in Customs," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(1), pages 575-636.
  2. repec:ehl:lserod:126083 is not listed on IDEAS
  3. Monica Martinez-Bravo & Leonard Wantchekon, 2021. "Political Economy and Structural Transformation: Democracy, Regulation and Public Investment," Working Papers wp2021_2110, CEMFI.
  4. Jörg L. Spenkuch & Edoardo Teso & Guo Xu, 2023. "Ideology and Performance in Public Organizations," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 91(4), pages 1171-1203, July.
  5. Yong Cai, 2022. "Linear Regression with Centrality Measures," Papers 2210.10024, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2026.
  6. Alessandra Fenizia & Christos A. Makridis, 2026. "Personnel Reform and the Federal Workforce," CESifo Working Paper Series 12517, CESifo.
  7. Kahn, Matthew E. & Sun, Weizeng & Wu, Jianfeng & Zheng, Siqi, 2021. "Do political connections help or hinder urban economic growth? Evidence from 1,400 industrial parks in China," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
  8. Gulzar, Saad & Ladino, Juan Felipe & Mehmood, Muhammad Zia & Rogger, Daniel, 2025. "Command and Can’t Control : Assessing Centralized Accountability in the Public Sector," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11200, The World Bank.
  9. Canen, Nathan & Ch, Rafael & Wantchekon, Leonard, 2023. "Political uncertainty and the forms of state capture," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
  10. Shuang Tian & Miao Wang & Lin Wu & Ajay Kumar & Kim Hua Tan, 2025. "Sustainability diffusion in the Chinese semiconductor industry : A stakeholder salience perspective," Post-Print hal-04850422, HAL.
  11. Brassiolo, Pablo & Estrada, Ricardo & Fajardo, Gustavo, 2020. "My (running) mate, the mayor: Political ties and access to public sector jobs in Ecuador," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  12. Liu, Kevin Zhengcheng & Zhang, Xiaoming, 2025. "Discretion, talent allocation, and governance performance: Evidence from China’s imperial bureaucracy," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  13. Donald P. Moynihan, 2025. "Rescuing state capacity: Proceduralism, the new politicization, and public policy," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(2), pages 364-378, March.
  14. Feng, Bo & Lu, Bei & Wang, Zhen & Yu, Dandan, 2025. "Patronage networks and multitasking incentives: Evidence from local officials’ responses to public crises in China’s centralized bureaucracy," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
  15. Razafindrakoto, Mireille & Roubaud, François & Rua, Linda, 2021. "Hyper-elites and network: Capturing the powerful upper tail in Madagascar," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
  16. Bedoya, Juan & de Hoyos, Rafael & Estrada, Ricardo, 2026. "Rule-based civil service: Evidence from a nationwide teacher reform in Mexico," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  17. Callen, Michael & Gulzar, Saad & Hasanain, Ali & Khan, Muhammad Yasir & Rezaee, Arman, 2023. "The political economy of public sector absence," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
  18. Xiaoying Zhong & Guanghai Liu & Peng Chen & Kaili Ke & Ruhe Xie, 2022. "The Impact of Internet Development on Urban Eco-Efficiency—A Quasi-Natural Experiment of “Broadband China” Pilot Policy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-23, January.
  19. Jonas Hjort & Diana Moreira & Gautam Rao & Juan Francisco Santini, 2021. "How Research Affects Policy: Experimental Evidence from 2,150 Brazilian Municipalities," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 111(5), pages 1442-1480, May.
  20. Zhang, Cong & Tao, Ran & Su, Fubing, 2025. "Legislative decentralization and regulatory dilution: Evidence from air pollution control in China," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  21. Li, Xun & Pan, Wensi & Xu, Gang, 2024. "A “leaner” government? The effect of China's anti-corruption campaign on the body weight and health of public sector employees," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 141-169.
  22. Juan Sebasti√°n Gal√°n, 2024. "Crown Versus Settler Colonialism in Mexico," Documentos CEDE 21268, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  23. Abhay Aneja & Guo Xu, 2020. "The Costs of Employment Segregation: Evidence from the Federal Government under Woodrow Wilson," NBER Working Papers 27798, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  24. Lyu, Weicheng, 2025. "Social mobility and political stability," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  25. Réka Juhász & Nathan Lane, 2024. "The Political Economy of Industrial Policy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 38(4), pages 27-54, Fall.
  26. Davide Cantoni & Noam Yuchtman, 2020. "Historical Natural Experiments: Bridging Economics and Economic History," NBER Working Papers 26754, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  27. Deserranno, Erika & Bandiera, Oriana & Rasul, Imran, 2020. "Development Policy through the Lens of Social Structure," CEPR Discussion Papers 14876, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  28. Guo Xu & Marianne Bertrand & Robin Burgess, 2018. "Social Proximity and Bureaucrat Performance: Evidence from India," NBER Working Papers 25389, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  29. Guo, Jingyuan & Deng, Kent, 2024. "Laying off old guards to rebuild state capacity: Deng Xiaoping’s bloodless coup d’etat in post-Mao China, 1980-2000," Economic History Working Papers 126083, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
  30. Tian, Shuang & Wang, Miao & Wu, Lin & Kumar, Ajay & Tan, Kim Hua, 2025. "Sustainability diffusion in the Chinese semiconductor industry: A stakeholder salience perspective," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
  31. Jiang, Junyan & Zhang, Muyang, 2020. "Friends with benefits: Patronage networks and distributive politics in China," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
  32. Aneja, Abhay & Xu, Guo, 2020. "The Costs of Employment Segregation: Evidence from the Federal Government under Wilson," Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper Series qt7sw871kr, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley.
  33. Bo, Shiyu & Liu, Cong & Zhou, Yan, 2023. "Military investment and the rise of industrial clusters: Evidence from China’s self-strengthening movement," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  34. Becker, Bastian & Schmitt, Carina, 2023. "License to educate: The role of national networks in colonial empires," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
  35. Tukiainen, Janne & Blesse, Sebastian & Bohne, Albrecht & Giuffrida, Leonardo M. & Jääskeläinen, Jan & Luukinen, Ari & Sieppi, Antti, 2024. "What are the priorities of bureaucrats? Evidence from conjoint experiments with procurement officials," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  36. Chen, Shawn Xiaoguang & Liu, Yong & Xu, Xianxiang, 2020. "Dynamics of Local Cadre Appointment in China11We are grateful to the editor Cheryl Long, and three referees for their valuable comments. Shawn Xiaoguang Chen thanks the support of Beijing Municipal Education Commission (Beijing Outstanding Young Scie," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  37. Jiafu An & Seth Armitage & Wenxuan Hou & Xianda Liu, 2020. "Do checks on bureaucrats improve firm value? Evidence from a natural experiment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(5), pages 4821-4844, December.
  38. Brugués, Felipe & Brugués, Javier & Giambra, Samuele, 2024. "Political connections and misallocation of procurement contracts: Evidence from Ecuador," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
  39. James G. MacKinnon & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Matthew D. Webb, 2023. "Fast and reliable jackknife and bootstrap methods for cluster‐robust inference," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(5), pages 671-694, August.
  40. González, Felipe & Muñoz, Pablo & Prem, Mounu, 2021. "Lost in transition? The persistence of dictatorship mayors," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  41. Saad Gulzar & Muhammad Yasir Khan, 2025. "Good Politicians: Experimental Evidence on Motivations for Political Candidacy and Government Performance," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 92(1), pages 339-364.
  42. Barbosa, Klenio & Ferreira, Fernando, 2023. "Occupy government: Democracy and the dynamics of personnel decisions and public finances," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
  43. In'acio B'o & Li Chen, 2021. "Designing Heaven's Will: The job assignment in the Chinese imperial civil service," Papers 2105.02457, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2026.
  44. Moon, Terry & Schoenherr, David, 2022. "The rise of a network: Spillover of political patronage and cronyism to the private sector," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(3), pages 970-1005.
  45. Christian Dippel & Dustin Frye & Bryan Leonard, 2024. "Bureaucratic discretion in policy implementation: evidence from the Allotment Era," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 199(3), pages 193-211, June.
  46. Guastavino, Carlos & Miranda, Alvaro & Montero, Rodrigo, 2021. "Rank effect in bureaucrat recruitment," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
  47. Battiston, Diego Ezequiel & Blanes I Vidal, Jordi & Kirchmaier, Tom & Szemeredi, Katalin, 2023. "Peer pressure and manager pressure in organisations," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 121319, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  48. Eric Rougier & François Combarnous & Yves-André Fauré, 2022. "Political turnover, public employment, and local economic development: New empirical evidence on the impact of local political dynasties in the Brazilian “Nordeste”," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 34(4), pages 2069-2097, August.
  49. Hup, Mark, 2024. "Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
  50. Pablo Muñoz & Cristóbal Otero, 2025. "Managers and Public Hospital Performance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 115(11), pages 4040-4074, November.
  51. Andrea Cintolesi, 2024. "‘Keep friends close, but enemies closer’: connections and political careers," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 200(1), pages 257-284, July.
  52. Philipp Barteska & Jay Euijung Lee, 2024. "Bureaucrats and the Korean export miracle," Discussion Papers 2024-11, Nottingham Interdisciplinary Centre for Economic and Political Research (NICEP).
  53. Diana Moreira & Santiago Pérez, 2022. "Who Benefits from Meritocracy?," NBER Working Papers 30113, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  54. Chen, Yuyu & Hensel, Lukas & Yao, Xinjue, 2025. "From Followers to Leaders: The Career Impact of High-Quality Managers," IZA Discussion Papers 17848, IZA Network @ LISER.
  55. Kong, Dongmin & Liu, Chenhao, 2024. "Centralization and regulatory enforcement: Evidence from personnel authority reform in China," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
  56. Pedro Forquesato, 2022. "Who Benefits from Political Connections in Brazilian Municipalities," Papers 2204.09450, arXiv.org.
  57. Zoë Cullen & Ricardo Perez-Truglia, 2023. "The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 113(7), pages 1703-1740, July.
  58. Klenio Barbosa & Fernando V. Ferreira, 2019. "Occupy Government: Democracy and the Dynamics of Personnel Decisions and Public Sector Performance," NBER Working Papers 25501, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  59. Marie Lalanne, 2023. "Network‐based appointments and board diversity," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 90(358), pages 409-452, April.
  60. Adam Pilny & Felix Roesel, 2020. "Are Doctors Better Health Ministers?," American Journal of Health Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(4), pages 498-532.
  61. Chalendard,Cyril Romain & Duhaut,Alice & Fernandes,Ana Margarida & Mattoo,Aaditya & Raballand,Gael J. R. F. & Rijkers,Bob, 2020. "Does Better Information Curb Customs Fraud?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9254, The World Bank.
  62. Guo Xu & Marianne Bertrand & Robin Burgess, 2023. "Organization of the State: Home Assignment and Bureaucrat Performance," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 39(2), pages 371-419.
  63. Voth, Hans-Joachim & Xu, Guo, 2019. "Patronage for Productivity: Selection and Performance in the Age of Sail," CEPR Discussion Papers 13963, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  64. Barlow, Pepita, 2020. "Global disparities in health-systems financing: A cross-national analysis of the impact of tariff reductions and state capacity on public health expenditure in 65 low- and middle-income countries, 1996–2015," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 104107, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  65. Wan, Qin & Pan, Hongyu & Huang, Jinbo, 2024. "Can improving the business environment narrow the within-firm pay gap? Evidence from data on 233 Chinese cities," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  66. Danglun Luo & Congcong Liu & Lifan Wu, 2020. "Horizontal Networks and Economic Performance: Evidence from City Leaders in China," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 101(4), pages 1359-1373, July.
  67. Jiang, Junyan & Mei, Yuan, 2020. "Mandarins make markets: Leadership rotations and inter-provincial trade in China," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
  68. Jin, Miao & Liu, Yu-Jane & Meng, Juanjuan & Zhang, Yu, 2025. "Peer effects in the hierarchy: Evidence from the workplace," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
  69. Mizuno, Nobuhiro & Okazawa, Ryosuke, 2025. "A dynamic theory on clientelism and bureaucratic development," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  70. Philipp Barteska & Jay Euijung Lee, 2025. "Personnel is policy (implementation): Bureaucrats and the Korean export miracle," CEP Discussion Papers dp2099, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  71. Hu, Yan & Maurer, Stephan, 2025. "Minority Bureaucrats’ Networks and Career Progression: Evidence from the Chinese Maritime Customs Service," Working Papers 14-2025, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics.
  72. Voth, Hans-Joachim & Xu, Guo, 2020. "Encouraging Others: Punishment and Performance in the Royal Navy," CEPR Discussion Papers 14476, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  73. Chu, Yin & Holladay, J. Scott & Tian, Xian-Liang, 2025. "Patronage and pollution abatement," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
  74. repec:osf:socarx:d6x54_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  75. Jing Song & Mengyuan Li & Shaosong Wang & Tao Ye, 2022. "To What Extent Does Environmental Regulation Influence Emission Reduction? Evidence from Local and Neighboring Locations in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-9, August.
  76. Gallego, Jorge & Li, Christopher & Wantchekon, Leonard, 2020. "Electoral Intermediaries," Working papers 45, Red Investigadores de Economía.
  77. Zhuang Liu & Wenwei Peng & Shaoda Wang, 2026. "A Few Bad Apples? Academic Dishonesty, Political Selection, and Institutional Performance in China," Working Papers 2026-17, Becker Friedman Institute for Research In Economics.
  78. repec:osf:osfxxx:y74uh_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  79. Deserranno, Erika & Leon-Ciliotta, Gianmarco, 2022. "Promotions and Productivity: The Role of Meritocracy and Pay Progression in the Public Sector," CEPR Discussion Papers 15837, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  80. Xu, Guo, 2019. "The colonial origins of fiscal capacity: Evidence from patronage governors," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 263-276.
  81. Yating Peng & Bo Liu & Mengliang Zhou, 2022. "Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural Areas under the Shock of Climate Change: Evidence from China Labor-Force Dynamic Survey," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-21, June.
  82. Alessandra Fenizia, 2022. "Managers and Productivity in the Public Sector," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 90(3), pages 1063-1084, May.
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