IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/130358.html

Words Beyond the Rate Decision? FOMC Statement Innovations and the U.S. Treasury Yield Curve, 2000-2026

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Kaiwei

Abstract

This paper asks whether innovations in Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) statement language explain high-frequency movements in the U.S. Treasury yield curve beyond conventional monetary-policy surprises. The analysis covers 211 scheduled statement releases from March 2000 through July 2026 and uses 30-minute asset-price changes from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco U.S. Monetary Policy Event-Study Database. A transparent text-as-data pipeline classifies sentences as hawkish, dovish, or neutral using word- and character-level TF-IDF features with multinomial logistic regression. The meeting-level innovation score measures the net stance of language added to, removed from, or replaced relative to the preceding scheduled policy statement. Baseline regressions control for the futures-implied current-meeting surprise (MP1) and simultaneous Summary of Economic Projections releases; an expanded specification adds the next-meeting path surprise (MP2). Inference combines HC3 covariance estimates, a meeting-clustered maturity system, permutation and wild-bootstrap tests, multiplicity corrections, equivalence tests, minimum detectable effects, leave-one-year-out prediction, and resampling of the labeled text corpus. The estimated coefficients are small at all six Treasury maturities: 0.001, 0.121, 0.132, 0.119, -0.013, and 0.072 basis points per one-standard-deviation hawkish innovation at three months, six months, two years, five years, ten years, and thirty years. Every 95 percent confidence interval includes zero, and a joint six-maturity test yields p = 0.439. Adding MP2 does not materially change the estimates; the text score does not improve out-of-year prediction, and no result in the predeclared robustness family survives multiplicity adjustment. Equivalence tests reject average effects outside plus or minus 1 basis point at every maturity. Under this design, scalar statement hawkishness provides little incremental average information for Treasury-yield reactions once market-based policy surprises are controlled for, although smaller, state-dependent, or multidimensional communication effects remain plausible.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Kaiwei, 2026. "Words Beyond the Rate Decision? FOMC Statement Innovations and the U.S. Treasury Yield Curve, 2000-2026," MPRA Paper 130358, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:130358
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/130358/1/MPRA_paper_130358.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Silvia Miranda-Agrippino & Giovanni Ricco, 2021. "The Transmission of Monetary Policy Shocks," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 13(3), pages 74-107, July.
    2. Davidson, Russell & Flachaire, Emmanuel, 2008. "The wild bootstrap, tamed at last," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 146(1), pages 162-169, September.
    3. Kuttner, Kenneth N., 2001. "Monetary policy surprises and interest rates: Evidence from the Fed funds futures market," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 523-544, June.
    4. Alan S. Blinder & Michael Ehrmann & Marcel Fratzscher & Jakob De Haan & David-Jan Jansen, 2008. "Central Bank Communication and Monetary Policy: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 46(4), pages 910-945, December.
    5. Hansen, Stephen & McMahon, Michael, 2016. "Shocking language: Understanding the macroeconomic effects of central bank communication," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(S1), pages 114-133.
    6. Michael Woodford, 2005. "Central bank communication and policy effectiveness," Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, issue Aug, pages 399-474.
    7. Marek Jarociński & Peter Karadi, 2020. "Deconstructing Monetary Policy Surprises—The Role of Information Shocks," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 12(2), pages 1-43, April.
    8. Cieslak, Anna & Schrimpf, Andreas, 2019. "Non-monetary news in central bank communication," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 293-315.
    9. Leombroni, Matteo & Vedolin, Andrea & Venter, Gyuri & Whelan, Paul, 2021. "Central bank communication and the yield curve," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(3), pages 860-880.
    10. Hubert, Paul & Labondance, Fabien, 2021. "The signaling effects of central bank tone," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    11. Taeyoung Doh & Dongho Song & Shu-Kuei Yang, 2026. "Deciphering Federal Reserve Communication via Text Analysis of Alternative FOMC Statements," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 18(3), pages 379-412, July.
    12. Refet S Gürkaynak & Brian Sack & Eric Swanson, 2005. "Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Response of Asset Prices to Monetary Policy Actions and Statements," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 1(1), May.
    13. Alan S. Blinder & Michael Ehrmann & Marcel Fratzscher & Jakob De Haan & David-Jan Jansen, 2008. "Central Bank Communication and Monetary Policy: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 46(4), pages 910-945, December.
    14. Christina D. Romer & David H. Romer, 2004. "A New Measure of Monetary Shocks: Derivation and Implications," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(4), pages 1055-1084, September.
    15. Diebold, Francis X. & Li, Canlin, 2006. "Forecasting the term structure of government bond yields," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 130(2), pages 337-364, February.
    16. Ehrmann, Michael & Talmi, Jonathan, 2020. "Starting from a blank page? Semantic similarity in central bank communication and market volatility," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 48-62.
    17. Swanson, Eric T., 2021. "Measuring the effects of federal reserve forward guidance and asset purchases on financial markets," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 32-53.
    18. MacKinnon, James G. & White, Halbert, 1985. "Some heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 305-325, September.
    19. repec:pri:cepsud:161blinder is not listed on IDEAS
    20. David O. Lucca & Francesco Trebbi, 2009. "Measuring Central Bank Communication: An Automated Approach with Application to FOMC Statements," NBER Working Papers 15367, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    21. A. Craig MacKinlay, 1997. "Event Studies in Economics and Finance," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(1), pages 13-39, March.
    22. Emi Nakamura & Jón Steinsson, 2018. "High-Frequency Identification of Monetary Non-Neutrality: The Information Effect," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 133(3), pages 1283-1330.
    23. Nelson, Charles R & Siegel, Andrew F, 1987. "Parsimonious Modeling of Yield Curves," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(4), pages 473-489, October.
    24. Schmeling, Maik & Wagner, Christian, 2025. "Does Central Bank Tone Move Asset Prices?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 60(1), pages 36-67, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Paul Hubert & Rose Portier, 2025. "The Signaling Effects of Tightening and Easing Monetary Policy," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-05097460, HAL.
    2. Hubert, Paul & Labondance, Fabien, 2021. "The signaling effects of central bank tone," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    3. Namrata Narain & Namrata Narain, 2026. "The Market Impact of Fed Communications: The Role of the Press Conference," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 22(1), pages 313-389, January.
    4. Paul Hubert & Fabien Labondance, 2019. "Central bank tone and the dispersion of views within monetary policy committees," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-03403256, HAL.
    5. Möller, Rouven & Reichmann, Doron, 2021. "ECB language and stock returns – A textual analysis of ECB press conferences," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 590-604.
    6. Ahrens, Maximilian & Erdemlioglu, Deniz & McMahon, Michael & Neely, Christopher J. & Yang, Xiye, 2025. "Mind your language: Market responses to central bank speeches," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 249(PC).
    7. Kaminska, Iryna & Mumtaz, Haroon & Šustek, Roman, 2021. "Monetary policy surprises and their transmission through term premia and expected interest rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 48-65.
    8. Saskia Ter Ellen & Vegard H. Larsen & Leif Anders Thorsrud, 2022. "Narrative Monetary Policy Surprises and the Media," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 54(5), pages 1525-1549, August.
    9. Chen, Kairan & Granville, Brigitte & Matousek, Roman, 2026. "Decoding central bank communications with large language models," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    10. Boeck, Maximilian & Feldkircher, Martin, 2021. "The Impact of Monetary Policy on Yield Curve Expectations," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 887-901.
    11. Sylvérie Herbert & Paul Hubert & Mathias Lé, 2025. "When does Monetary Policy Matter? Policy Stance vs. Term Premium News 1," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-05481635, HAL.
    12. Donato Masciandaro, 2026. "Monetary Policy and Taylor Reaction Functions: Business Cycles, Central Bank Governance and Central Bankers’ Preferences," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 26270, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
    13. Donato Masciandaro & Oana Peia & Davide Romelli, 2024. "Central bank communication and social media: From silence to Twitter," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(2), pages 365-388, April.
    14. Kanelis, Dimitrios & Siklos, Pierre L., 2026. "Emotion in Euro area monetary policy communication and bond yields: the Draghi era," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    15. Thiago Christiano Silva & Kei Moriya & Mr. Romain M Veyrune, 2025. "From Text to Quantified Insights: A Large-Scale LLM Analysis of Central Bank Communication," IMF Working Papers 2025/109, International Monetary Fund.
    16. Armelius, Hanna & Bertsch, Christoph & Hull, Isaiah & Zhang, Xin, 2020. "Spread the Word: International spillovers from central bank communication," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    17. Hansen, Stephen & McMahon, Michael & Tong, Matthew, 2019. "The long-run information effect of central bank communication," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 185-202.
    18. Ehrmann, Michael & Hubert, Paul, 2026. "Information acquisition ahead of monetary policy announcements," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    19. Hayo, Bernd & Henseler, Kai & Steffen Rapp, Marc & Zahner, Johannes, 2022. "Complexity of ECB communication and financial market trading," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    20. Andrade, Philippe & Ferroni, Filippo, 2021. "Delphic and odyssean monetary policy shocks: Evidence from the euro area," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 816-832.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • E43 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:130358. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.