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Japan’s Debt Puzzle: Sovereign Wealth Fund from Borrowed Money

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Abstract

We analyze the risks associated with Japan’s prolonged low-interest rate policies amid a global environment of rising rates. To finance its persistent deficits, the Japanese public sector depends on inexpensive domestic funding to invest in risky assets both domestically and internationally, effectively creating a sovereign wealth fund fueled by borrowed money. Ultimately, these risks fall on Japanese bondholders, depositors, and taxpayers. While the U.S. faces similar fiscal pressures, it is unlikely to adopt Japan’s approach.

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  • YiLi Chien & Wenxin Du & Hanno Lustig, 2025. "Japan’s Debt Puzzle: Sovereign Wealth Fund from Borrowed Money," Working Papers 2025-023, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedlwp:101807
    DOI: 10.20955/wp.2025.023
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    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory

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