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COVID‐19: What if immunity wanes?

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  • M. Alper Çenesiz
  • Luís Guimarães

Abstract

Using a simple economic model in which social distancing reduces contagion, we study the implications of waning immunity for the epidemiological dynamics and social activity. If immunity wanes, we find that COVID‐19 likely becomes endemic and that social distancing is here to stay until the discovery of a vaccine or cure. But waning immunity does not necessarily change optimal actions on the onset of the pandemic. Decentralized equilibria are virtually independent of waning immunity until close to peak infections. For centralized equilibria, the relevance of waning immunity decreases in the probability of finding a vaccine or cure, the costs of infection (e.g., infection–fatality rate), the degree of partial immunity and the presence of other NPIs that lower contagion (e.g., quarantining and mask use). In simulations calibrated to July 2020, our model suggests that waning immunity is virtually unimportant for centralized equilibria until at least 2021. This provides vital time for individuals and policy‐makers to learn about immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 before it becomes critical. COVID‐19 : et si l'immunité diminuait? À l'aide d'un modèle économique simple dans lequel la distanciation sociale permet de réduire la contagion, nous analysons les conséquences d'une baisse de l'immunité sur les dynamiques épidémiologiques et les activités sociales. Nous constatons que si l'immunité décline, c'est que la COVID‐19 devient vraisemblablement endémique et que la distanciation sociale est vouée à perdurer jusqu'à la découverte d'un remède ou d'un vaccin. Néanmoins, une diminution de l'immunité ne modifie pas nécessairement les mesures optimales à prendre dès le début de la pandémie. Les équilibres décentralisés sont théoriquement indépendants d'une baisse de l'immunité jusqu'à l'approche du pic d'infection. Pour les équilibres centralisés, l'importance d'une diminution de l'immunité décroît avec la probabilité de trouver un vaccin ou un remède, avec les coûts imputables à l'infection (par exemple le taux de létalité), avec le taux d'immunité partielle et en présence d'autres interventions non pharmaceutiques (INP) permettant de diminuer la contagion (mises en quarantaine et utilisation du masque notamment). Dans les simulations calibrées sur juillet 2020, notre modèle montre qu'une baisse de l'immunité est pratiquement sans importance sur les équilibres centralisés, et ce au moins jusqu'en 2021. Cette période cruciale permettra aux individus et aux législateurs d'en apprendre davantage sur l'immunité contre le SARS‐CoV‐2 avant que le virus ne devienne critique.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Alper Çenesiz & Luís Guimarães, 2022. "COVID‐19: What if immunity wanes?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(S1), pages 626-664, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:s1:p:626-664
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12542
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