IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/buseth/v31y2022i2p419-437.html

Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial competencies, innovation, and performances in SMEs of Pakistan: Moderating role of social ties

Author

Listed:
  • Junaid Aftab
  • Monica Veneziani
  • Huma Sarwar
  • Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq

Abstract

The current study examines the mediating role of innovation and entrepreneurial competencies in entrepreneurial orientation’s relationship with financial, social, and environmental performance. This research also determines the role of social ties in strengthening the association between innovation and entrepreneurial competencies with social, financial, and environmental performance. Using multi‐source and time‐lagged studies, the data was collected from 297 small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan, and structural equation modeling was used to test direct, indirect, and moderating hypotheses. The findings show that entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial competencies, and innovation positively correlate with all the types of performance under investigation and confirm the mediating role of innovation and entrepreneurial competencies. Additionally, social network ties strengthen innovation—financial performance, and entrepreneurial competencies—social performance relationship. This research proposes significant theoretical and managerial implications by determining the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs in Pakistan.

Suggested Citation

  • Junaid Aftab & Monica Veneziani & Huma Sarwar & Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq, 2022. "Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial competencies, innovation, and performances in SMEs of Pakistan: Moderating role of social ties," Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 419-437, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:buseth:v:31:y:2022:i:2:p:419-437
    DOI: 10.1111/beer.12415
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12415
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/beer.12415?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fariborz Damanpour & Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, 2001. "The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 45-65, January.
    2. Buccieri, Dominic & Javalgi, Raj G. & Cavusgil, Erin, 2020. "International new venture performance: Role of international entrepreneurial culture, ambidextrous innovation, and dynamic marketing capabilities," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(2).
    3. Menguc, Bulent & Ozanne, Lucie K., 2005. "Challenges of the "green imperative": a natural resource-based approach to the environmental orientation-business performance relationship," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(4), pages 430-438, April.
    4. James G. March, 1991. "Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 2(1), pages 71-87, February.
    5. Ejikeme Emmanuel Isichei & Kalu Emmanuel Agbaeze & Maria Onyejeche Odiba, 2020. "Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in SMEs," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(6), pages 1219-1241, March.
    6. Andreas Rauch & Johan Wiklund & G.T. Lumpkin & Michael Frese, 2009. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: An Assessment of past Research and Suggestions for the Future," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(3), pages 761-787, May.
    7. Paul Slovic & Baruch Fischhoff & Sarah Lichtenstein, 1982. "Why Study Risk Perception?," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(2), pages 83-93, June.
    8. David J. Ketchen JR. & Kaitlin D. Wowak & Christopher W. Craighead, 2014. "Resource Gaps and Resource Orchestration Shortfalls in Supply Chain Management: The Case of Product Recalls," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 50(3), pages 6-15, July.
    9. Kabir Mohammed & Hazril Izwar Ibrahim & Khairul Anuar Mohammad Shah, 2017. "Empirical Evidence of Entrepreneurial Competencies and Firm Performance: a Study of Women Entrepreneurs of Nigeria," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Center for International Scientific Research of VSO and VSPP, vol. 5(1), pages 49-61, June.
    10. Mariano Nieto & Nuria González-Álvarez, 2016. "Social capital effects on the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 507-530, June.
    11. Antonio Juan Briones Peñalver & Juan Andrés Bernal Conesa & Carmen de Nieves Nieto, 2018. "Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in Spanish Agribusiness and Its Influence on Innovation and Performance," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(2), pages 182-193, March.
    12. Maija Renko & Alan Carsrud & Malin Brännback, 2009. "The Effect of a Market Orientation, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Technological Capability on Innovativeness: A Study of Young Biotechnology Ventures in the United States and in Scandinavia," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(3), pages 331-369, July.
    13. Jeffrey G. Covin & William J. Wales, 2012. "The Measurement of Entrepreneurial Orientation," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(4), pages 677-702, July.
    14. Anderson, Brian S. & Eshima, Yoshihiro, 2013. "The influence of firm age and intangible resources on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth among Japanese SMEs," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 413-429.
    15. Danny Miller, 1983. "The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 29(7), pages 770-791, July.
    16. Leona Aimée Henry & Tine Buyl & Rob J.G. Jansen, 2019. "Leading corporate sustainability: The role of top management team composition for triple bottom line performance," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 173-184, January.
    17. Halilu Bello Rogo & Halilu Bello Rogo & Mohd Noor Mohd. Shariff & Muhammad Haroon Hafeez, 2017. "Moderating Effect of Access to Finance on the Relationship between Total Quality Management, Market Orientation and Small and Medium Enterprises Performance: A Proposed Framework," International Review of Management and Marketing, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 119-127.
    18. Sony Heru Priyanto & Iman Sandjojo, 2005. "Relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial competencies and venture success: empirical study on SMEs," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 5(5/6), pages 454-468.
    19. Auh, Seigyoung & Menguc, Bulent, 2005. "Balancing exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of competitive intensity," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(12), pages 1652-1661, December.
    20. Masood Ul Hassan & Zeeshan Iqbal & Maimoona Malik & Muhammad Iftkhar Ahmad, 2018. "Exploring the role of technological developments and open innovation in the survival of SMEs: an empirical study of Pakistan," International Journal of Business Forecasting and Marketing Intelligence, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 4(1), pages 64-85.
    21. Zhongfeng Su & En Xie & Dong Wang, 2015. "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Managerial Networking, and New Venture Performance in China," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(1), pages 228-248, January.
    22. Scott Shane & Daniel Cable, 2002. "Network Ties, Reputation, and the Financing of New Ventures," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(3), pages 364-381, March.
    23. Johan Wiklund & DEAN Shepherd, 2003. "Knowledge‐based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium‐sized businesses," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(13), pages 1307-1314, December.
    24. Julie Juan Li & Kevin Zheng Zhou & Alan T Shao, 2009. "Competitive position, managerial ties, and profitability of foreign firms in China: an interactive perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(2), pages 339-352, February.
    25. Ante Glavas & Jenny Mish, 2015. "Resources and Capabilities of Triple Bottom Line Firms: Going Over Old or Breaking New Ground?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 127(3), pages 623-642, March.
    26. David C. Roach & Joel A. Ryman & Joyline Makani, 2016. "Effectuation, innovation and performance in SMEs: an empirical study," European Journal of Innovation Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 19(2), pages 214-238, May.
    27. Junaid Aftab & Huma Sarwar & Anam Amin & Alina Kiran, 2021. "Does CSR mediate the nexus of ethical leadership and employee’s job performance? Evidence from North Italy SMEs," Social Responsibility Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(1), pages 154-177, February.
    28. Lin Wu & Nachiappan Subramanian & Muhammad D. Abdulrahman & Chang Liu & Kee-hung Lai & Kulwant S. Pawar, 2015. "The Impact of Integrated Practices of Lean, Green, and Social Management Systems on Firm Sustainability Performance—Evidence from Chinese Fashion Auto-Parts Suppliers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-21, March.
    29. Hayter, Christopher S., 2016. "Constraining entrepreneurial development: A knowledge-based view of social networks among academic entrepreneurs," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(2), pages 475-490.
    30. Walter, Achim & Auer, Michael & Ritter, Thomas, 2006. "The impact of network capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation on university spin-off performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 21(4), pages 541-567, July.
    31. Gunasekaran, Angappa & Spalanzani, Alain, 2012. "Sustainability of manufacturing and services: Investigations for research and applications," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(1), pages 35-47.
    32. Sarstedt, Marko & Ringle, Christian M. & Smith, Donna & Reams, Russell & Hair, Joseph F., 2014. "Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 105-115.
    33. Imran Shafique & Masood Nawaz Kalyar & Nadia Mehwish, 2021. "Organizational ambidexterity, green entrepreneurial orientation, and environmental performance in SMEs context: Examining the moderating role of perceived CSR," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(1), pages 446-456, January.
    34. Daniel M. Quaye & Isaac Mensah, 2019. "Entrepreneurial leadership and performance of female-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Ghana," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 38(1/2), pages 19-44.
    35. Wenting Chen & Chunjia Han & Lei Wang & Petros Ieromonachou & Xiaochen Lu, 2021. "Recognition of entrepreneur’s social ties and firm innovation in emerging markets: explanation from the industrial institutional environment and survival pressure," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 38(2), pages 491-518, June.
    36. David J. Teece & Gary Pisano & Amy Shuen, 1997. "Dynamic capabilities and strategic management," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(7), pages 509-533, August.
    37. Kathleen M. Eisenhardt & Jeffrey A. Martin, 2000. "Dynamic capabilities: what are they?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(10‐11), pages 1105-1121, October.
    38. Jiang, Xu & Liu, Heng & Fey, Carl & Jiang, Feifei, 2018. "Entrepreneurial orientation, network resource acquisition, and firm performance: A network approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 46-57.
    39. Hall, Jeremy K. & Daneke, Gregory A. & Lenox, Michael J., 2010. "Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future directions," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 439-448, September.
    40. Pelin Demirel & Qian Cher Li & Francesco Rentocchini & J. Pawan Tamvada, 2019. "Born to be green: new insights into the economics and management of green entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 52(4), pages 759-771, April.
    41. Jeffrey G. Covin & Dennis P. Slevin, 1989. "Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 75-87, January.
    42. Birger Wernerfelt, 1984. "A resource‐based view of the firm," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(2), pages 171-180, April.
    43. Banjo Roxas & Nicholas Ashill & Doren Chadee, 2017. "Effects of Entrepreneurial and Environmental Sustainability Orientations on Firm Performance: A Study of Small Businesses in the Philippines," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(S1), pages 163-178, December.
    44. Yu-Ming Zhai & Wan-Qin Sun & Sang-Bing Tsai & Zhen Wang & Yu Zhao & Quan Chen, 2018. "An Empirical Study on Entrepreneurial Orientation, Absorptive Capacity, and SMEs’ Innovation Performance: A Sustainable Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-14, January.
    45. Man, Thomas W. Y. & Lau, Theresa & Chan, K. F., 2002. "The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 123-142, March.
    46. Roberto Chavez & Wantao Yu & Muhammad Shakeel Sadiq Jajja & Antonio Lecuna & Brian Fynes, 2020. "Can entrepreneurial orientation improve sustainable development through leveraging internal lean practices?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 2211-2225, September.
    47. Victoria B. Nakku & Frank W. Agbola & Morgan P. Miles & Amir Mahmood, 2020. "The interrelationship between SME government support programs, entrepreneurial orientation, and performance: A developing economy perspective," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(1), pages 2-31, January.
    48. Duane Ireland, R. & Webb, Justin W., 2007. "Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating competitive advantage through streams of innovation," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 49-59.
    49. Wiklund, Johan & Shepherd, Dean, 2005. "Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 71-91, January.
    50. Stephanie A. Fernhaber & Pankaj C. Patel, 2012. "How do young firms manage product portfolio complexity? The role of absorptive capacity and ambidexterity," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(13), pages 1516-1539, December.
    51. David J. Teece, 2012. "Dynamic Capabilities: Routines versus Entrepreneurial Action," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(8), pages 1395-1401, December.
    52. Gali, Nazha & Niemand, Thomas & Shaw, Eleanor & Hughes, Mathew & Kraus, Sascha & Brem, Alexander, 2020. "Social entrepreneurship orientation and company success: The mediating role of social performance," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    53. De Clercq, Dirk & Dimov, Dimo & Thongpapanl, Narongsak (Tek), 2010. "The moderating impact of internal social exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 87-103, January.
    54. Brian S. Anderson & Patrick M. Kreiser & Donald F. Kuratko & Jeffrey S. Hornsby & Yoshihiro Eshima, 2015. "Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(10), pages 1579-1596, October.
    55. Harabi, Najib, 2005. "Determinants of Firm Growth: An Empirical Analysis from Morocco," MPRA Paper 4394, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    56. Bai, Chunguang & Sarkis, Joseph, 2010. "Integrating sustainability into supplier selection with grey system and rough set methodologies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(1), pages 252-264, March.
    57. Rizwan Ullah Khan & Yashar Salamzadeh & Hiroko Kawamorita & Gabor Rethi, 2021. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ Performance; Does ‘Access to Finance’ Moderate the Relation in Emerging Economies?," Vision, , vol. 25(1), pages 88-102, March.
    58. Jean-Marie Courrent & Sonia Chassé & Waleed Omri, 2018. "Do Entrepreneurial SMEs Perform Better Because They are More Responsible?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 153(2), pages 317-336, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Matloob, Sheema & Raza, Ali & Waqas, Ali & Khan, Mohammad Jamal & Nisar, Nabeel, 2025. "Does resource orchestration theory ensure the better SME performance: A three-wave time lag investigation among manufacturing SMEs of the developing economies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    2. Muhammad Bilal & Zhao Xicang & Wu Jiying & Jan Muhammad Sohu & Sadaf Akhtar & Muhammad Iatzaz Ul Hassan, 2025. "Digital Transformation and SME Innovation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Mediating and Moderating Effects," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(1), pages 1153-1182, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rizwan Ullah Khan & Yashar Salamzadeh & Hiroko Kawamorita & Gabor Rethi, 2021. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ Performance; Does ‘Access to Finance’ Moderate the Relation in Emerging Economies?," Vision, , vol. 25(1), pages 88-102, March.
    2. Roberto Chavez & Wantao Yu & Muhammad Shakeel Sadiq Jajja & Antonio Lecuna & Brian Fynes, 2020. "Can entrepreneurial orientation improve sustainable development through leveraging internal lean practices?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 2211-2225, September.
    3. Samuel Adomako, 2018. "The Moderating Effects Of Adaptive And Intellectual Resource Capabilities On The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation And Financial Performance," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(03), pages 1-35, April.
    4. Engelen, Andreas & Kube, Harald & Schmidt, Susanne & Flatten, Tessa Christina, 2014. "Entrepreneurial orientation in turbulent environments: The moderating role of absorptive capacity," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(8), pages 1353-1369.
    5. Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa & Javier Martínez-Falcó, 2022. "Driving Innovation by Managing Entrepreneurial Orientation, Cooperation and Learning for the Sustainability of Companies in the Energy Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Nabila Abid & Federica Ceci & Junaid Aftab, 2024. "Attaining sustainable business performance under resource constraints: Insights from an emerging economy," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(3), pages 2031-2048, June.
    7. Wales, William J. & Kraus, Sascha & Filser, Matthias & Stöckmann, Christoph & Covin, Jeffrey G., 2021. "The status quo of research on entrepreneurial orientation: Conversational landmarks and theoretical scaffolding," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 564-577.
    8. Donbesuur, Francis & Boso, Nathaniel & Hultman, Magnus, 2020. "The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on new venture performance: Contingency roles of entrepreneurial actions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 150-161.
    9. Patrick M. Kreiser, 2011. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Learning: The Impact of Network Range and Network Closure," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(5), pages 1025-1050, September.
    10. Jintong Tang & Zhi Tang & Birton J. Cowden, 2017. "Exploring the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation, CEO Dual Values, and SME Performance in State–Owned vs. Nonstate–Owned Enterprises in China," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 41(6), pages 883-908, November.
    11. Yassin Allammari & Ahmed Taqi & Nadir El Morabit, 2025. "Entrepreneurial Orientation And Sme Performance: A Sequential Mediation Analysis Of Market And Learning Orientation," Post-Print hal-05199204, HAL.
    12. Lin Song & Li Jing, 0. "Strategic orientation and performance of new ventures: empirical studies based on entrepreneurial activities in China," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-24.
    13. Santos, Gina & Marques, Carla Susana & Ferreira, João J.M., 2020. "Passion and perseverance as two new dimensions of an Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 190-199.
    14. Lin Song & Li Jing, 2017. "Strategic orientation and performance of new ventures: empirical studies based on entrepreneurial activities in China," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 989-1012, December.
    15. Ana Labella‐Fernández & Javier Martínez‐del‐Río & Diego A. Vázquez‐Brust & Jose J. Céspedes‐Lorente, 2025. "Environmental entrepreneurship orientation and duality of goals: The moderating roles of public and private knowledge," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(1), pages 648-669, January.
    16. Jeewhan Yoon & George T Solomon, 2017. "A curvilinear relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The moderating role of employees’ psychological safety," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 1139-1156, December.
    17. Krzysztof Borodako & Jadwiga Berbeka & Michał Rudnicki, 2021. "Innovation Orientation in Business Services," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 19897.
    18. Jörg Freiling & Christoph Lütke Schelhowe, 2014. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Performance and Speed of Internationalization," Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, Fundacja Upowszechniająca Wiedzę i Naukę "Cognitione", vol. 10(4), pages 169-199.
    19. Katharina Fellnhofer, 2019. "The Complementary Effects Of Firms’ And Team Leaders’ Entrepreneurial Orientation On Innovation Success And Performance," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(05), pages 1-32, June.
    20. Tian Hongyun & William Adomako Kankam & Florence Appiah-Twum & Isaac Gumah Akolgo, 2019. "Effect of Social Capital on Firm Performance: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Dynamic Capability," International Review of Management and Marketing, Econjournals, vol. 9(4), pages 63-73.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:buseth:v:31:y:2022:i:2:p:419-437. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/26946424 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.