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The Relationship between Real Per Capita Income, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions Under Structural Break in Turkey for the Period of 1974-2016

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  • Salih ÖZTÜRK
  • Selin SAYGIN

Abstract

The study aims at examining possible relationships between real per capita income, foreign direct investment, trade openness and carbon emissions in Turkey for the period 1974-2016. Along with unit root test that takes into account the structural break, ARDL bounds test and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests are utilized to analyze the relationships. Findings indicate that all variables have a positive effect on carbon emissions in the long run. Foreign direct investment having positive effect on carbon emissions evidences the validity of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Turkey. The causality test results reveal bidirectional causality relationships between all variables and carbon emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Salih ÖZTÜRK & Selin SAYGIN, 2020. "The Relationship between Real Per Capita Income, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions Under Structural Break in Turkey for the Period of 1974-2016," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 28(44).
    • Handle: RePEc:sos:sosjrn:200204
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Carbon Emissions; ARDL Bounds Test; Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • Q50 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - General
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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