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L'avenir des régimes publics de retraite dans les pays du G7

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  • Thierry Chauveau
  • Rahim Loufir

Abstract

[eng] The future of public pensions in the seven major economies. Thierry Chauveau, Rahim Loufir. In most OECD countries, the financing of the current public Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) pension system may become quite worrisome due to the likely ageing of the population. This article provides an analysis of the consequences of the demographie transition on the equilibrium of the public pensions systems in the seven major economies. A new CGEM-OG model is used, which rules out the well known weakness of earlier models : the simulated age structure (and total population) do not coincide with the actual ones. For each of the seven countries, main macroeconomic aggregates, intergenerational transfers, and welfare criteria are analysed. Our conclusions are somewhat different from those based on other methodologies such standard CGEM-OG or econometric or generational accounting models. The main conclusions are that (i) Ageing of the population is a problem very similar from one developed country to another ; (ii) This problem is not so much worrying as is sometimes suggested and policies in which PAYG financing is maintained and the retirement age held constant are allowable ; (iii) There is no « one best social security policy » ; (iv) On the contrary, there is a trade-off between, on the one hand, lowering interest rates, increasing investment and output, lowering taxes,... and, on the other hand, increasing the standard of living of the retired, and (v) Most of these results still hold with the polar assumption of small open economies. Nevertheless, for countries in which the domestic real rate of interest is higher than the American one, opening the economy leads to better macroeconomic outeomes and higher actuarial fairness. It is the case for France and the United Kingdom ; the opposite situation characterizes Japan. [fre] La plupart des pays de l'OCDE connaissent, depuis la fin des années soixante, une baisse du taux de fécondité et un allongement de l'espérance de vie. Même si ce taux remonte pour atteindre le seuil de remplacement, le rapport du nombre d'inactifs du troisième âge au nombre d'actifs augmentera très sensiblement, dans ces pays, au cours des prochaines décennies, entraînant l'apparition pour les systèmes publics de retraite, de déséquilibres financiers dont l'étude est entreprise dans cet article. Nous y utilisons le modèle « à espérance de vie variable » qui a déjà servi à notre étude du cas français, publiée dans le numéro 50 de cette Revue.. Les principaux enseignements de l'étude sont les suivants (i) le vieillissement de la population est un phénomène commun aux pays du G7, même si son intensité est plus marquée au Japon et en Italie qu'au Canada ou aux Etats-Unis; (ii) ce problème n'est pas aussi inquiétant qu'on le suggère parfois dans la mesure où l'équilibre financier des régimes de retraites publiques par répartition devrait pouvoir être maintenu, quel que soit le scénario considéré, au prix il est vrai d'un ralentissement de la croissance de la production par tête, ou d'une baisse du niveau de vie relatif des retraités ; (iii) en toute rigueur, il n'existe pas de meilleur scénario car selon les critères utilisés (croissance, équité actuarielle ou bien-être), la hiérarchie des comptes n'est pas la même ; (iv) la stratégie de maintien, à son niveau actuel, du taux de cotisation, favorise l'épargne : elle implique donc un taux d'intérêt réel moins élevé que la stratégie alternative de maintien du taux de remplacement et par conséquent, un supplément d'investissement et de production ; d'où, à dépenses publiques par tête égales, moins d'impôts. En revanche, la forte baisse du taux de remplacement implique une diminution des prestations-retraite par tête, en dépit de l'accroissement relatif de la masse salariale ; (v) la plupart des résultats précédents demeurent valables sous l'hypothèse « de petites éco- nomies ouvertes ». On observe, néanmoins, que l'hypothèse d'« économies ouvertes » permet aux pays comme la France et le Royaume-Uni d'obtenir des résultats beaucoup plus favorables en matière d'agrégats macroéconomiques ou d'équité actuarielle en raison du niveau du taux d'intérêt réel américain, sensiblement plus faible que le taux national de référence. La situation contraire prévaut pour le Japon.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Chauveau & Rahim Loufir, 1995. "L'avenir des régimes publics de retraite dans les pays du G7," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 52(1), pages 49-103.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1995_num_52_1_1386
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1995.1386
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1995.1386
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paul van den Noord & Richard Herd, 1993. "Pension Liabilities in the Seven Major Economies," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 142, OECD Publishing.
    2. Fair, Ray C & Taylor, John B, 1983. "Solution and Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Dynamic Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 51(4), pages 1169-1185, July.
    3. Thierry Chauveau & Rahim Loufir, 1994. "L'avenir du régime de retraite français : les enseignements d'un modèle à générations imbriquées," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 45(3), pages 789-804.
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    1. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/2091 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Jacques Le Cacheux & Vincent Touzé, 2002. "Les modèles d'équilibre général calculable à générations imbriquées. Enjeux, méthodes et résultats," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 80(1), pages 87-113.
    3. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2091 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Equipe INGENUE, 2001. "Macroeconomic consequences of pension reforms in Europe: an investigation with the INGENUE world model," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 0116, CEPREMAP.
    5. Didier Blanchet & Jean-Alain Monfort, 2002. "Croissance, transferts et inégalités entre générations," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 154(3), pages 79-94.
    6. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/2091 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. M. Aglietta & J. Chateau & J. Fayolle & M. Juillard & J. Le Cacheux & G. Legarrec & V. Touzé, 2002. "Macroeconomic consequences of pension reforms in Europe:," Computing in Economics and Finance 2002 216, Society for Computational Economics.
    8. Francis Bismans & Frédéric Docquier & Claude Jessua, 1996. "Consommation, épargne et accumulation dans la transition démographique," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 47(3), pages 667-676.
    9. Christian Saint-Etienne, 1999. "Une stratégie européenne de policy-mix pour les années 2000," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 55(5), pages 37-47.
    10. Bravo, Jorge Horacio, 2000. "Population ageing and pension systems in Latin America," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), December.
    11. Equipe INGENUE, 2001. "Macroeconomic consequences of pension reforms in Europe: an investigation with the INGENUE world model," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 0116, CEPREMAP.
    12. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/2091 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Beine, Michel & Bismans, Francis & Docquier, Frederic & Laurent, Sebastien, 2001. "Life-cycle behaviour of US households: A nonlinear GMM estimation on pseudopanel data," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 23(7), pages 713-729, October.

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