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Discrimination, Social Capital, and Financial Constraints: The Case of Viet Nam

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  • Pham, Tho
  • Talavera, Oleksandr

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship among gender, social capital, and access to finance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in the manufacturing sector in Viet Nam. Our dataset is from the 2011, 2013, and 2015 results of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Survey in Viet Nam. Using the Heckman technique to control for sample selection bias, the estimates do not provide evidence for discrimination against female-owned enterprises in the formal lending market. Specifically, female entrepreneurs have a higher probability of getting a loan and they pay lower interest rates in comparison with male entrepreneurs. No discrimination in formal credit markets may arise from the preference for informal loans over formal loans as entrepreneurs tend to borrow informal loans before applying for formal ones. Further analysis shows that social capital could facilitate loan applications: firms that have a closer relationship with government officials and other business people can get loans of longer duration.

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  • Pham, Tho & Talavera, Oleksandr, 2018. "Discrimination, Social Capital, and Financial Constraints: The Case of Viet Nam," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 228-242.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:102:y:2018:i:c:p:228-242
    DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.005
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    1. Calza, Elisa & Goedhuys, Micheline, 2018. "Domestic quality certification and growth of Vietnamese MSMEs," MERIT Working Papers 2018-026, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    2. Tran, Viet T. & Nguyen, Trung Thanh & Tran, Nguyet T.M., 2019. "Gender difference in access to local finance and firm performance: Evidence from a panel survey in Vietnam," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 150-164.
    3. Suebvises, Ploy, 2018. "Social capital, citizen participation in public administration, and public sector performance in Thailand," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 236-248.
    4. Phuoc Vu Ha & Michael Frömmel, 2019. "Social Capital, Credit Choices And Growth In Vietnamese Household Businesses," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(03), pages 1-19, September.
    5. Chmelíková, Gabriela & Krauss, Annette & Dvouletý, Ondřej, 2019. "Performance of microfinance institutions in Europe—Does social capital matter?," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    6. Vuong, Quan-Hoang & La, Viet-Phuong & Ho, Manh-Toan & Vuong, Thu-Trang & Hoang, Hanh Phuong, 2019. "What have Vietnamese scholars learned from researching entrepreneurship?: A systematic review," OSF Preprints uhwmn, Center for Open Science.
    7. Hanvedes Daovisan & Thanapauge Chamaratana, 2018. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Assets That Influence Informal Garment Workers’ Livelihood Security in Laos," Societies, MDPI, Open Access Journal, vol. 8(3), pages 1-1, June.
    8. Muhammad Arif & Mudassar Hasan & Ahmed Shafique Joyo & Christopher Gan & Sazali Abidin, 2020. "Formal Finance Usage and Innovative SMEs: Evidence from ASEAN Countries," Journal of Risk and Financial Management, MDPI, Open Access Journal, vol. 13(10), pages 1-1, September.
    9. Vuong Quan Hoang & La Viet Phuong & Vuong Thu Trang & Hoang Phuong Hanh & Ho Manh Toan & Ho Manh Tung & Nguyen Hong Kong To, 2020. "Multi-faceted insights of entrepreneurship facing a fast-growing economy: A literature review," Open Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 3(1), pages 25-41, January.
    10. Huang, Jin & Sena, Vania & Li, Jun & Ozdemir, Sena, 2021. "Message framing in P2P lending relationships," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 761-773.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    entrepreneurship; financial constraints; gender; discrimination;

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship

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