IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/quaeco/v87y2023icp212-223.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The role of debt financing in the relationship between capital structure, firm’s value, and macroeconomic factors: To throw caution to the wind

Author

Listed:
  • Sadiq, Misbah
  • Yousaf, Sheikh Usman
  • Anser, Muhammad Khalid
  • Rashid Khan, Haroon ur
  • Sriyanto, Sriyanto
  • Zaman, Khalid
  • Van Tu, Duong
  • Anis, Siti Nisrin Mohd

Abstract

The role of debt in capital structure and firms' performance has a great novelty in reducing market imperfections that improve firms' value. This study integrated the qualitative and quantitative aspects of capital structure and firms' performance in 56 stock exchange-listed companies of Jordan by using the time series data from 2012 to 2016. The results confirmed the "stewardship theory," "pecking order theory," and "concentrated ownership theory," while contractionary monetary instruments diffuse the recessionary phase in a country. The results confirmed a U-shaped relationship between debt and Tobin's Q in mediation with the country's per capita income. In contrast, an inverted U-shaped relationship found between market capitalization and a firm's performance in intervention with domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCPFS). These results are essential in the light of CG theories to stabilize the firm's internal and external issues, which are further optimized by government financial agencies to energize macroeconomic policies for sustained growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Sadiq, Misbah & Yousaf, Sheikh Usman & Anser, Muhammad Khalid & Rashid Khan, Haroon ur & Sriyanto, Sriyanto & Zaman, Khalid & Van Tu, Duong & Anis, Siti Nisrin Mohd, 2023. "The role of debt financing in the relationship between capital structure, firm’s value, and macroeconomic factors: To throw caution to the wind," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 212-223.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:quaeco:v:87:y:2023:i:c:p:212-223
    DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2020.11.001
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1062976920301563
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.qref.2020.11.001?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Geoffrey C. Kiel & Gavin J. Nicholson, 2003. "Board Composition and Corporate Performance: how the Australian experience informs contrasting theories of corporate governance," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(3), pages 189-205, July.
    2. Lemmon, Michael L. & Zender, Jaime F., 2010. "Debt Capacity and Tests of Capital Structure Theories," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(5), pages 1161-1187, October.
    3. N. Berger, Allen & F. Udell, Gregory, 1998. "The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(6-8), pages 613-673, August.
    4. M. Ameziane Lasfer, 1995. "Agency costs, taxes and debt: The UK evidence," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 1(3), pages 265-285, November.
    5. Lys, Thomas & Naughton, James P. & Wang, Clare, 2015. "Signaling through corporate accountability reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 56-72.
    6. Naveed Ahmed & Talat Afza, 2019. "Capital structure, competitive intensity and firm performance: evidence from Pakistan," Journal of Advances in Management Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(5), pages 796-813, June.
    7. Ramli, Nur Ainna & Latan, Hengky & Solovida, Grace T., 2019. "Determinants of capital structure and firm financial performance—A PLS-SEM approach: Evidence from Malaysia and Indonesia," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 148-160.
    8. Thomas I. Palley, 2013. "Financialization: What It Is and Why It Matters," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Financialization, chapter 2, pages 17-40, Palgrave Macmillan.
    9. Nicolas E. Magud & Carmen M. Reinhart & Esteban R. Vesperoni, 2014. "Capital Inflows, Exchange Rate Flexibility and Credit Booms," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(3), pages 415-430, August.
    10. Gavin J. Nicholson & Geoffrey C. Kiel, 2007. "Can Directors Impact Performance? A case‐based test of three theories of corporate governance," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(4), pages 585-608, July.
    11. González, Maximiliano & Guzmán, Alexander & Pombo, Carlos & Trujillo, María-Andrea, 2013. "Family firms and debt: Risk aversion versus risk of losing control," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(11), pages 2308-2320.
    12. Abimbola Adedeji, 1998. "Does the Pecking Order Hypothesis Explain the Dividend Payout Ratios of Firms in the UK?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(9-10), pages 1127-1155.
    13. Huynh, Toan Luu Duc & Wu, Junjie & Duong, An Trong, 2020. "Information Asymmetry and firm value: Is Vietnam different?," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    14. Elena Alexandra Nenu & Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2018. "The Impact of Capital Structure on Risk and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence for the Bucharest Stock Exchange Listed Companies," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-29, April.
    15. Nicholas Barberis & Abhiroop Mukherjee & Baolian Wang, 2016. "Prospect Theory and Stock Returns: An Empirical Test," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 29(11), pages 3068-3107.
    16. repec:eme:sef000:10867371311300982 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Ioannis Oikonomou & Chris Brooks & Stephen Pavelin, 2014. "The Effects of Corporate Social Performance on the Cost of Corporate Debt and Credit Ratings," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 49-75, February.
    18. Monojit Chatterji & Paul T. Seaman & Larry D. Singell Jr., 2003. "A test of the signalling hypothesis," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 55(2), pages 191-215, April.
    19. Sudheer Chava & Michael R. Roberts, 2008. "How Does Financing Impact Investment? The Role of Debt Covenants," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 63(5), pages 2085-2121, October.
    20. Ibrahim El‐Sayed Ebaid, 2009. "The impact of capital‐structure choice on firm performance: empirical evidence from Egypt," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(5), pages 477-487, November.
    21. Duru, Augustine & Iyengar, Raghavan J. & Zampelli, Ernest M., 2016. "The dynamic relationship between CEO duality and firm performance: The moderating role of board independence," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4269-4277.
    22. Alves, Paulo & Francisco, Paulo, 2015. "The impact of institutional environment on the capital structure of firms during recent financial crises," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 129-146.
    23. Fernández Martín, Andrés & Gulan, Adam, 2012. "Interest Rates and Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Financial Frictions," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 4129, Inter-American Development Bank.
    24. Patrick Bolton, 2016. "Presidential Address: Debt and Money: Financial Constraints and Sovereign Finance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(4), pages 1483-1510, August.
    25. Karren Lee-Hwei Khaw & Benjie Chien Jiang Lee, 2016. "Debt Maturity, Underinvestment Problem and Corporate Value," Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance (AAMJAF), Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, vol. 12(Suppl. 1), pages 1-1–17.
    26. Agbloyor, Elikplimi Komla & Abor, Joshua Yindenaba & Adjasi, Charles Komla Delali & Yawson, Alfred, 2014. "Private capital flows and economic growth in Africa: The role of domestic financial markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 137-152.
    27. Wei Huang & Agyenim Boateng & Alexander Newman, 2016. "Capital structure of Chinese listed SMEs: an agency theory perspective," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 535-550, August.
    28. Joshua Abor, 2007. "Debt policy and performance of SMEs: Evidence from Ghanaian and South African firms," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 8(4), pages 364-379, August.
    29. Afzalur Rashid, 2015. "Revisiting Agency Theory: Evidence of Board Independence and Agency Cost from Bangladesh," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 130(1), pages 181-198, August.
    30. Karl V. Lins & Henri Servaes & Ane Tamayo, 2017. "Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 72(4), pages 1785-1824, August.
    31. Hong, Cheng-Yih & Li, Jian-Fa, 2015. "On measuring the effects of fiscal policy in global financial crisis: Evidences from an export-oriented island economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 412-415.
    32. Lukas Setia‐Atmaja & George A. Tanewski & Michael Skully, 2009. "The Role of Dividends, Debt and Board Structure in the Governance of Family Controlled Firms," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7‐8), pages 863-898, September.
    33. Harris, Milton & Raviv, Artur, 1990. "Capital Structure and the Informational Role of Debt," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 321-349, June.
    34. Benjamin E. Hermalin & Michael S. Weisbach, 1991. "The Effects of Board Composition and Direct Incentives on Firm Performance," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 20(4), Winter.
    35. Bhagat, Sanjai & Bolton, Brian, 2008. "Corporate governance and firm performance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 257-273, June.
    36. Ricardo Hausmann & Patricio Goldstein & Ana Grisanti & Tim O'Brien & Jorge Tapia & Miguel Angel Santos, 2019. "A Roadmap for Investment Promotion and Export Diversification: The Case for Jordan," CID Working Papers 374, Center for International Development at Harvard University.
    37. Hans Degryse & Frank de Jong & Vincent van Kervel, 2015. "The Impact of Dark Trading and Visible Fragmentation on Market Quality," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(4), pages 1587-1622.
    38. Md. Nur Alam Siddik & Sajal Kabiraj & Shanmugan Joghee, 2017. "Impacts of Capital Structure on Performance of Banks in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Bangladesh," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-18, May.
    39. Himmelberg, Charles P. & Hubbard, R. Glenn & Palia, Darius, 1999. "Understanding the determinants of managerial ownership and the link between ownership and performance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 353-384, September.
    40. Aktham Maghyereh, 2005. "Dynamic Capital Structure: Evidence From The Small Developing Country Of Jordan," IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, IIUM Journal of Economis and Management, vol. 13(1), pages 1-32, June.
    41. Santanu K. Ganguli, 2013. "Capital structure – does ownership structure matter? Theory and Indian evidence," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 30(1), pages 56-72, March.
    42. Ibhagui, Oyakhilome W. & Olokoyo, Felicia O., 2018. "Leverage and firm performance: New evidence on the role of firm size," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 57-82.
    43. Allini, Alessandra & Rakha, Soliman & McMillan, David G. & Caldarelli, Adele, 2018. "Pecking order and market timing theory in emerging markets: The case of Egyptian firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 297-308.
    44. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    45. Zona, Fabio, 2016. "Agency models in different stages of CEO tenure: The effects of stock options and board independence on R&D investment," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(2), pages 560-575.
    46. Andrés Fernández & Adam Gulan, 2015. "Interest Rates, Leverage, and Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Financial Frictions," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 7(3), pages 153-188, July.
    47. Tenkir Seifu Legesse & Haifeng Guo, 2020. "Does firm efficiency matter for debt financing decisions? Evidence from the biggest manufacturing countries," Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(1), pages 106-128, January.
    48. David J. Denis & Stephen B. McKeon, 2016. "Proactive Leverage Increases and The Value of Financial Flexibility," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 28(4), pages 17-28, December.
    49. Muhammad Ali Nasir & Toan Luu Duc Huynh & Quynh Thi Nhu Do & Cuc Thi Nguyen & Quynh Thi Tran, 2020. "Implications of Government Borrowing for Corporate Financing in Emerging Economies: A Crowding Out Kuznets Curve," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(02), pages 1-27, June.
    50. Cho, Kang Rae & Huang, Chia-Hsing & Padmanabhan, Prasad, 2014. "Foreign ownership mode, executive compensation structure, and corporate governance: Has the literature missed an important link? Evidence from Taiwanese firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 371-380.
    51. Linh My Tran & Chi Hong Mai & Phuoc Huu Le & Chi Linh Vu Bui & Linh Viet Phuong Nguyen & Toan Luu Duc Huynh, 2019. "Monetary Policy, Cash Flow and Corporate Investment: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, March.
    52. Zélia Serrasqueiro & Ana Caetano, 2015. "Trade-Off Theory versus Pecking Order Theory: capital structure decisions in a peripheral region of Portugal," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(2), pages 445-466, April.
    53. Ibrahim El-Sayed Ebaid, 2009. "The impact of capital-structure choice on firm performance: empirical evidence from Egypt," Journal of Risk Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 10(5), pages 477-487, November.
    54. Santanu K. Ganguli, 2013. "Capital structure – does ownership structure matter? Theory and Indian evidence," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 30(1), pages 56-72, March.
    55. Schepens, Glenn, 2016. "Taxes and bank capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(3), pages 585-600.
    56. Graham, John R. & Leary, Mark T. & Roberts, Michael R., 2015. "A century of capital structure: The leveraging of corporate America," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(3), pages 658-683.
    57. Palash Deb & Johan Wiklund, 2017. "The Effects of CEO Founder Status and Stock Ownership on Entrepreneurial Orientation in Small Firms," Journal of Small Business Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(1), pages 32-55, January.
    58. Bandyopadhyay, Arindam & Barua, Nandita Malini, 2016. "Factors determining capital structure and corporate performance in India: Studying the business cycle effects," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 160-172.
    59. Jacqueline Christensen & Pamela Kent & James Routledge & Jenny Stewart & Gary Monroe, 2015. "Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 55(1), pages 133-164, March.
    60. Chen, Dar-Hsin & Chen, Chun-Da & Chen, Jianguo & Huang, Yu-Fang, 2013. "Panel data analyses of the pecking order theory and the market timing theory of capital structure in Taiwan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-13.
    61. Dubravko Mihaljek, 2009. "The global financial crisis and fiscal policy in Central and Eastern Europe: the 2009 Croatian budget odysey," Financial Theory and Practice, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 33(3), pages 229-272.
    62. Naveed Ahmed & Talat Afza, 2019. "Capital structure, competitive intensity and firm performance: evidence from Pakistan," Journal of Advances in Management Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(5), pages 796-813, June.
    63. Abimbola Adedeji, 1998. "Does the Pecking Order Hypothesis Explain the Dividend Payout Ratios of Firms in the UK?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(9‐10), pages 1127-1155, November.
    64. Imad Ramadan, 2016. "Jordanian Evidence on the Capital Structure," Modern Applied Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(10), pages 208-208, October.
    65. P.N. Brusov & T.V. Filatova & N.P. Orekhova, 2013. "Absence of an Optimal Capital Structure in the Famous Tradeoff Theory!," Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, Lifescience Global, vol. 2, pages 94-116.
    66. Lukas Setia‐Atmaja & George A. Tanewski & Michael Skully, 2009. "The Role of Dividends, Debt and Board Structure in the Governance of Family Controlled Firms," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(7‐8), pages 863-898, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Naeem Tabassum & Satwinder Singh, 2020. "Corporate Governance and Organisational Performance," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-030-48527-6, November.
    2. Hussein Abedi Shamsabadi & Byung-Seong Min & Richard Chung, 2016. "Corporate governance and dividend strategy: lessons from Australia," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 12(5), pages 583-610, October.
    3. Samuel Baixauli-Soler, J. & Belda-Ruiz, María & Sánchez-Marín, Gregorio, 2021. "Socioemotional wealth and financial decisions in private family SMEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 657-668.
    4. César Camisón & José Antonio Clemente & Sergio Camisón-Haba, 2022. "Asset tangibility, information asymmetries and intangibles as determinants of family firms leverage," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(7), pages 2047-2082, October.
    5. Nguyen, Tuan & Locke, Stuart & Reddy, Krishna, 2014. "A dynamic estimation of governance structures and financial performance for Singaporean companies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 1-11.
    6. Alves, Paulo & Couto, Eduardo Barbosa & Francisco, Paulo Morais, 2015. "Board of directors’ composition and capital structure," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 1-32.
    7. Nieves Lidia Díaz‐Díaz & Pedro J. García‐Teruel & Pedro Martínez‐Solano, 2023. "Private family firms, generations and bank debt," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(3), pages 3043-3075, September.
    8. Elena Alexandra Nenu & Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2018. "The Impact of Capital Structure on Risk and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence for the Bucharest Stock Exchange Listed Companies," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-29, April.
    9. Mário Santos & António Moreira & Elisabete Vieira, 2014. "Ownership concentration, contestability, family firms, and capital structure," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 18(4), pages 1063-1107, November.
    10. Aziz Jaafar & Lynn Hodgkinson & Mao-Feng Kao, 2019. "Ownership Structure, Board of Directors and Firm Performance: Evidence from Taiwan," Working Papers 19011, Bangor Business School, Prifysgol Bangor University (Cymru / Wales).
    11. Amanj Mohamed Ahmed & Nabard Abdallah Sharif & Muhammad Nawzad Ali & István Hágen, 2023. "Effect of Firm Size on the Association between Capital Structure and Profitability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-17, July.
    12. Yousef Ibrahim, 2019. "The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from GCC and UK Real Estate Sectors," Real Estate Management and Valuation, Sciendo, vol. 27(2), pages 108-125, June.
    13. Ibrahim M. Menshawy & Rohaida Basiruddin & Nor‐Aiza Mohd‐Zamil & Khaled Hussainey, 2023. "Strive towards investment efficiency among Egyptian companies: Do board characteristics and information asymmetry matter?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 2382-2403, July.
    14. Olivier Butzbach & Domenico Sarno, 2019. "To What Extent Do Regional Effects Influence Firms’ Capital Structure? The Case of Southern Italian SMEs’," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-20, January.
    15. Francisco Javier Vásquez Tejos & Hernán Marcelo Pape Larre, 2021. "Market Timing and Pecking Order Theory in Latin America," Revista Finanzas y Politica Economica, Universidad Católica de Colombia, vol. 13(2), pages 345-370, August.
    16. Elif Acar & Gamze Vural & Emin Hüseyin Çetenak, 2020. "Evidence for Financial Hierarchy Theory in Capital Structure Decisions: Data from BIST Companies," Bogazici Journal, Review of Social, Economic and Administrative Studies, Bogazici University, Department of Economics, vol. 34(1), pages 29-50.
    17. de La Bruslerie, Hubert, 2016. "Does debt curb controlling shareholders' private benefits? Modelling in a contingent claim framework," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 263-282.
    18. Sugato Chakravarty & Chiraphol N. Chiyachantana & Christine Jiang, 2011. "THE CHOICE OF TRADING VENUE AND RELATIVE PRICE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL TRADING: ADRs VERSUS THE UNDERLYING SECURITIES IN THEIR LOCAL MARKETS," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 34(4), pages 537-567, December.
    19. Allini, Alessandra & Rakha, Soliman & McMillan, David G. & Caldarelli, Adele, 2018. "Pecking order and market timing theory in emerging markets: The case of Egyptian firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 297-308.
    20. ElBannan, Mona A., 2017. "Stock market liquidity, family ownership, and capital structure choices in an emerging country," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 201-231.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capital structure; Corporate governance; Firm’s performance; Debt; Macroeconomic factors; Jordan economy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:quaeco:v:87:y:2023:i:c:p:212-223. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620167 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.