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Policy Barriers to International Trade in Services: Evidence from a New Database

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Cited by:

  1. Edward J. Balistreri & Maryla Maliszewska & Israel Osorio-Rodarte & David G. Tarr & Hidemichi Yonezawa, 2016. "Poverty and Shared Prosperity Implications of Reducing Trade Costs Through Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa," Working Papers 2016-07, Colorado School of Mines, Division of Economics and Business.
  2. World Bank, 2014. "Republic of Malawi Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Update : Reducing Trade Costs to Promote Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth," World Bank Publications - Reports 18645, The World Bank Group.
  3. Yaghoob Jafari & David G. Tarr, 2017. "Estimates of Ad Valorem Equivalents of Barriers Against Foreign Suppliers of Services in Eleven Services Sectors and 103 Countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 544-573, March.
  4. Borchert, Ingo & Mattoo, Aaditya, 2016. "The trade reducing effects of restrictions on liner shippingAuthor-Name: Bertho, Fabien," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(2), pages 231-242.
  5. Eddy Bekkers & Joseph F. Francois & Hugo Rojas†Romagosa, 2018. "Melting Ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 128(610), pages 1095-1127, May.
  6. Bernard Hoekman, 2014. "The Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement and Rulemaking in the WTO: Milestone, Mistake or Mirage?," RSCAS Working Papers 2014/102, European University Institute.
  7. Fida Karam & Chahir Zaki, 2020. "A new dawn for MENA firms: service trade liberalization for more competitive exports," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(1), pages 19-35, January.
  8. Xin Fu & Tangyou Wang & Hongxu Yang, 2023. "Does Service Trade Liberalization Promote Service Productivity? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-22, April.
  9. Mathilde Lebrand, 2016. "Profit Shifting and FDI Restrictions," CESifo Working Paper Series 5885, CESifo.
  10. Duggan, Victor & Rahardja, Sjamsu & Varela, Gonzalo, 2013. "Service sector reform and manufacturing productivity : evidence from Indonesia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6349, The World Bank.
  11. Matthieu Crozet & Emmanuel Milet & Daniel Mirza, 2013. "The Discriminatory Effect of Domestic Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data," Post-Print halshs-00801398, HAL.
  12. Hoekman,Bernard M., 2020. "Facilitating Trade in Services," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9228, The World Bank.
  13. Bernard M. Hoekman & Aaditya Mattoo, 2013. "Liberalizing Trade in Services: Lessons from Regional and WTO Negotiations," RSCAS Working Papers 2013/34, European University Institute.
  14. Hoekman, Bernard & Shepherd, Ben, 2021. "Services Trade Policies and Economic Integration: New Evidence for Developing Countries," World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(1), pages 115-134, February.
  15. Co, Catherine Y., 2014. "Supply-side constraints, capital goods imports, and the quality of Sub-Saharan African countries exports," WIDER Working Paper Series 142, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  16. José R. Sánchez-Fung, 2016. "Reviewing Trade Policy in China During the Transition to Balanced Economic Growth," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(12), pages 1934-1946, December.
  17. Kym Anderson, 2016. "Contributions Of The Gatt/Wto To Global Economic Welfare: Empirical Evidence," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 56-92, February.
  18. Fiorini, Matteo & Hoekman, Bernard, 2018. "Services trade policy and sustainable development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1-12.
  19. Borchert, Ingo & Gootiiz, Batshur & Magdeleine, Joscelyn & Marchetti, Juan A. & Mattoo, Aaditya & Rubio, Ester & Shannon, Evgeniia, 2019. "Applied services trade policy: A guide to the Services Trade Policy Database and the Services Trade Restrictions Index," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2019-14, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
  20. Edward J. Balistreri & Zoryana Olekseyuk & David G. Tarr, 2017. "Privatisation and the unusual case of Belarusian accession to the WTO," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(12), pages 2564-2591, December.
  21. Lloyd, Simon & Reinhardt, Dennis & Sowerbutts , Rhiannon, 2023. "Financial services trade restrictions and lending from an international financial centre," Bank of England working papers 1022, Bank of England.
  22. Holger Görg & Liza Jabbour, 2016. "Availability of Business Services and Outward Investment: Evidence from French Firms," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(4), pages 797-819, September.
  23. Karam, Fida & Zaki, Chahir, 2015. "Trade volume and economic growth in the MENA region: Goods or services?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 22-37.
  24. Ariu, Andrea & Breinlich, Holger & Corcos, Gregory & Mion, Giordano, 2019. "The interconnections between services and goods trade at the firm-level," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 173-188.
  25. Anirudh Shingal, 2021. "COVID-19 and Services Trade in ASEAN+6: Implications and Estimates from Structural Gravity," Working Papers DP-2021-02, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
  26. Asier Minondo, 2014. "The Relationship Between Export Status And Productivity In Services: A Firm-Level Analysis For Spain," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 66(S1), pages 138-146, December.
  27. Fiorini, Matteo; Lebrand, Mathilde, 2016. "The Political Economy of Services Trade Agreements," Economics Working Papers ECO2016/05, European University Institute.
  28. Zongo, Amara, 2020. "The Impact of Services Trade Restrictiveness on Food Trade," MPRA Paper 101658, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  29. Gaysset, Isabelle & Lagoarde-Segot, Thomas & Neaime, Simon, 2019. "Twin deficits and fiscal spillovers in the EMU's periphery. A Keynesian perspective," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 101-116.
  30. World Bank, 2013. "Uganda - Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Update : Prepared for the Enhanced Integrated Framework," World Bank Publications - Reports 16035, The World Bank Group.
  31. Serafica, Ramonette B., 2016. "Why Manufacturing Resurgence Will Mean More Services, Not Less," Discussion Papers DP 2016-46, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
  32. Balistreri, Edward J. & Jensen, Jesper & Tarr, David, 2015. "What determines whether preferential liberalization of barriers against foreign investors in services are beneficial or immizerising: Application to the case of Kenya," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 9, pages 1-134.
  33. Egger, Peter & MILE 02, Anirudh Shingal, 2014. "Determinants of services trade agreements," Papers 721, World Trade Institute.
  34. Nilsson, Lars, 2019. "Reflections on the economic modelling of free trade agreements," DG TRADE Chief Economist Notes 2019-2, Directorate General for Trade, European Commission.
  35. Jacob Kolster, 2015. "North Africa - Working paper - Trade Volume and Economic Growth in the MENA Region: Goods or Services?," Working Paper Series 2157, African Development Bank.
  36. Crozet, Matthieu & Milet, Emmanuel & Mirza, Daniel, 2016. "The impact of domestic regulations on international trade in services: Evidence from firm-level data," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 585-607.
  37. Borchert, Ingo & Magdeleine, Joscelyn & Marchetti, Juan A. & Mattoo, Aaditya, 2020. "The evolution of services trade policy since the Great Recession," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2020-02, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
  38. Cusolito, Ana Paula & Hollweg, Claire H., 2013. "Trade policy barriers: an obstacle to export diversification in Eurasia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6434, The World Bank.
  39. Bernard M. Hoekman, 2013. "The World Bank Group Trade Strategy: Fit for Purpose?," RSCAS Working Papers PP2013/04, European University Institute.
  40. Alessandro Barattieri & Ingo Borchert & Aaditya Mattoo, 2016. "Cross‐border mergers and acquisitions in services: The role of policy and industrial structure," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 49(4), pages 1470-1501, November.
  41. World Bank, 2014. "Malaysia Economic Monitor, June 2014 : Boosting Trade Competitiveness," World Bank Publications - Reports 19303, The World Bank Group.
  42. Leonardo Baccini & Iain Osgood & Stephen Weymouth, 2019. "The service economy: U.S. trade coalitions in an era of deindustrialization," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 261-296, June.
  43. Anda David & Mohamed Ali Marouani, 2013. "The Impact of Labor Mobility on Unemployment: A Comparison between Jordan and Tunisia," Working Papers 823, Economic Research Forum, revised Dec 2013.
  44. Arvind Subramanian & Martin Kessler, 2013. "The Hyperglobalization of Trade and Its Future," Working Paper Series WP13-6, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  45. Victor Duggan & Sjamsu Rahardja & Gonzalo J. Varela, 2015. "Revealing the Impact of Relaxing Service Sector FDI Restrictions on Productivity in Indonesian Manufacturing," World Bank Publications - Reports 23511, The World Bank Group.
  46. Antoine Gervais, 2018. "Estimating the impact of country‐level policy restrictions on services trade," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 743-767, September.
  47. Minondo, Asier, 2015. "The geography, variety and dynamics of service exports in Spain: a firm-level analysis," MPRA Paper 66993, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  48. Bernard Hoekman, 2017. "Trade in services: Opening markets to create opportunities," WIDER Working Paper Series 031, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  49. Bernard M. Hoekman & Petros C. Mavroidis, 2015. "A Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement for Services?," RSCAS Working Papers 2015/25, European University Institute.
  50. Bernard Hoekman, 2014. "Supply Chains, Mega-Regionals and Multilateralism: A Road Map for the WTO," RSCAS Working Papers 2014/27, European University Institute.
  51. Baldwin, Richard & Forslid, Rikard, 2023. "Globotics and Development: When Manufacturing Is Jobless and Services Are Tradeable," World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(3-4), pages 302-311, October.
  52. Shahbaz Nasir & Kaliappa Kalirajan, 2016. "Information and Communication Technology-Enabled Modern Services Export Performances of Asian Economies," Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 33(1), pages 1-27, March.
  53. Beverelli, Cosimo & Fiorini, Matteo & Hoekman, Bernard, 2017. "Services trade policy and manufacturing productivity: The role of institutions," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 166-182.
  54. Ingo Borchert & Batshur Gootiiz & Arti Grover Goswami & Aaditya Mattoo, 2017. "Services Trade Protection and Economic Isolation," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 632-652, March.
  55. Peter H. Egger & Johannes Schwarzer, 2020. "The effects of services trade policies. Introduction to the special issue," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(11), pages 2826-2829, November.
  56. Andre Jungmittag & Robert Marschinski, 2023. "Service trade restrictiveness and foreign direct investment—Evidence from greenfield FDI in business services," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(6), pages 1711-1758, June.
  57. World Bank, 2012. "De-fragmenting Africa : Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services [La défragmentation de l’Afrique : Approfondissement de l’intégration du commerce régional des biens et services]," World Bank Publications - Reports 12385, The World Bank Group.
  58. Jaime de Melo & Anna Twum, 2020. "Supply chain trade in East Africa: Prospects and challenges," Working Papers hal-02493410, HAL.
  59. Bekkers, Eddy & Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo, 2016. "Quantitative trade models and the economic assessment of TTIP," Conference papers 332769, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
  60. Eddy Bekkers & Hugo Rojas-Romagosa, 2018. "Non-tariff Measure Estimations in Different Impact Assessments," RSCAS Working Papers 2018/40, European University Institute.
  61. Bernard Hoekman & Ben Shepherd, 2017. "Services Productivity, Trade Policy and Manufacturing Exports," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 499-516, March.
  62. Edward J. Balistreri & David G. Tarr & Hidemichi Yonezawa, 2015. "Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa: What are the Stakes?," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 24(5), pages 677-706.
  63. Ana Paula Cusolito & Claire H. Hollweg, 2015. "Trade Policy Barriers: An Obstacle to Export Diversification in Eurasia," Journal of Banking and Financial Economics, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, vol. 2(4), pages 91-129, June.
  64. Jieun Choi, 2016. "Competitiveness of the Kyrgyz Economy in the Wake of Accession to the Eurasian Customs Union," World Bank Publications - Reports 24252, The World Bank Group.
  65. repec:zbw:bofitp:2017_002 is not listed on IDEAS
  66. Peter H. Egger & Anirudh Shingal, 2017. "Granting preferential market access in services sequentially versus jointly with goods," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(12), pages 2901-2936, December.
  67. Borchert, Ingo & Gootiiz, Batshur & Mattoo, Aaditya, 2012. "Guide to the services trade restrictions database," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6108, The World Bank.
  68. Roy, Martin, 2019. "Elevating services: Services trade policy, WTO commitments, and their role in economic development and trade integration," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2019-01, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
  69. Ayoki, Milton, 2018. "Is Regionalism Inherently Preferable to Multilateralism as a Means of Pursuing Trade Liberalisation in Services in Developing Countries? Evidence from Africa’s RTAs," MPRA Paper 85587, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  70. Bernard Hoekman, 2017. "Trade in services: Opening markets to create opportunities," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2017-31, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  71. De La Medina Soto,Christian & Ghossein,Tania, 2013. "Starting a foreign investment across sectors," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6707, The World Bank.
  72. Fukase,Emiko & Martin,William J. & Fukase,Emiko & Martin,William J., 2015. "Economic implications of a potential free trade agreement between India and the United States," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7212, The World Bank.
  73. repec:hal:journl:dumas-00909960 is not listed on IDEAS
  74. Carmen Díaz-Mora & Rosario Gandoy & Belén González-Díaz, 2018. "Looking into global value chains: influence of foreign services on export performance," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 154(4), pages 785-814, November.
  75. repec:dau:papers:123456789/14987 is not listed on IDEAS
  76. Jafari, Yaghoob & Britz, Wolfgang, 2018. "Modelling heterogeneous firms and non-tariff measures in free trade agreements using Computable General Equilibrium," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 279-294.
  77. World Bank Group, 2017. "Investment Policy and Promotion Diagnostics and Tools," World Bank Publications - Reports 28281, The World Bank Group.
  78. Aneta Krystyna Mach, 2012. "Estimation of Tariffs Equivalents in Transportation Services Sector," Ekonomia journal, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, vol. 30.
  79. Yaghoob Jafari & Wolfgang Britz, 2020. "Brexit: an economy-wide impact assessment on trade, immigration, and foreign direct investment," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 47(1), pages 17-52, February.
  80. van der Marel, Erik & Shepherd, Ben, 2013. "International tradability indices for services," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6712, The World Bank.
  81. Edward J Balistreri & Maryla Maliszewska & Israel Osorio-Rodarte & David G Tarr & Hidemichi Yonezawa, 2018. "Poverty, Welfare and Income Distribution Implications of Reducing Trade Costs Through Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 27(2), pages 172-200.
  82. Bonatti, Luigi & Fracasso, Andrea, 2019. "Policy inertia, self-defeating expectations and structural reforms: can policy modeling cope?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 41(5), pages 943-962.
  83. Kym Anderson, 2016. "Agricultural Trade, Policy Reforms, and Global Food Security," Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-1-137-46925-0, June.
  84. Alexander Daniltsev & Olga Biryukova, 2015. "Beyond the GATS: Implicit Engines in Services RTAs," Panoeconomicus, Savez ekonomista Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Serbia, vol. 62(3), pages 321-337, June.
  85. Jafari, Yaghoob & Britz, Wolfgang, 2017. "Brexit – an economy-wide Impact Assessment looking into trade, immigration, and Foreign Direct Investment," Conference papers 332923, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
  86. MILE 02, Anirudh Shingal & Roy, Martin & Sauvé, Pierre, 2014. "Are Asian services markets optimal regulatory convergence areas?," Papers 719, World Trade Institute.
  87. Balistreri, Edward J. & Maliszewska, Maryla & Osorio-Rodarte, Israel & Tarr, David G. & Yonezawa, Hidemichi, 2016. "Poverty and Shared Prosperity Implications of Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa," Conference papers 332681, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
  88. Mr. Diego A. Cerdeiro & Rachel J. Nam, 2018. "A Multidimensional Approach to Trade Policy Indicators," IMF Working Papers 2018/032, International Monetary Fund.
  89. Bernard Hoekman, 2014. "The Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement and Rulemaking in the WTO: Milestone, Mistake or Mirage?," RSCAS Working Papers 2014/102, European University Institute.
  90. Bernard Hoekman & Douglas Nelson, 2018. "21st Century Trade Agreements and the Owl of Minerva," RSCAS Working Papers 2018/04, European University Institute.
  91. Anirudh SHINGAL & Pierre SAUVÉ, 2019. "The labour market effects of applied service regimes and service sector reforms," International Labour Review, International Labour Organization, vol. 158(1), pages 191-211, March.
  92. Bernard Hoekman, 2020. "Trade Wars and the World Trade Organization: Causes, Consequences, and Change," Asian Economic Policy Review, Japan Center for Economic Research, vol. 15(1), pages 98-114, January.
  93. Olga Pindyuk, 2019. "The Future of UK Services Trade Post-Brexit: Unlikely to Be Bright," wiiw Policy Notes 31, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
  94. Łukasz Matuszczak, 2019. "What are the determinants of international trade in services? Evidence from firm-level data for Poland," Working Papers 2019-20, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
  95. Echandi,Roberto & Krajcovicova,Jana & Qiang,Christine Zhenwei, 2015. "The impact of investment policy in a changing global economy : a review of the literature," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7437, The World Bank.
  96. repec:sgm:jbfeuw:v:2:y:2015:i:4:p:39 is not listed on IDEAS
  97. Mumtaz Hussain Shah, 2017. "Inward FDI in East Asian & Pacific Developing Countries due to WTO Led Liberalisation," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 9(2), pages 1-20, June.
  98. Peter Egger & Anirudh Shingal, 2021. "Determinants of services trade agreement membership," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 157(1), pages 21-64, February.
  99. Michalopoulos, Constantine & Ng, Francis, 2013. "Developing country trade policies and market access issues : 1990-2012," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6463, The World Bank.
  100. Julien Gooris & Cristina Mitaritonna, 2015. "Which import restrictions matter for trade in services ?," Working Papers 2015-33, CEPII research center.
  101. Minondo, Asier, 2012. "Trading firms in the Spanish services sector," MPRA Paper 43224, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  102. Matteo Fiorini & Bernard Hoekman & Dennis Quinn, 2023. "Services trade policy and industry performance in African economies," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(2), pages 382-395, February.
  103. Shepherd, Ben, 2012. "Services firms in the developing world: An empirical snapshot," MPRA Paper 41732, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  104. Mr. Nizar Jouini & Mr. Nooman Rebei, 2013. "The Welfare Implications of Services Liberalization in a Developing Country: Evidence from Tunisia," IMF Working Papers 2013/110, International Monetary Fund.
  105. Yang, Yafei & Wang, Hui & Löschel, Andreas & Zhou, Peng, 2022. "Patterns and determinants of carbon emission flows along the Belt and Road from 2005 to 2030," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
  106. Edward J. Balistreri & Zoryana Olekseyuk & David G. Tarr, 2017. "Privatisation and the unusual case of Belarusian accession to the WTO," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(12), pages 2564-2591, December.
  107. Alexander Maune, 2019. "Trade in Services-Economic Growth Nexus: An Analysis of the Growth Impact of Trade in Services in SADC Countries," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 11(2), pages 58-78.
  108. Sven Blank & Peter H. Egger, 2022. "On the sensitivity of trade costs to services trade restrictions†," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 592-607, March.
  109. Bertho, Fabien & Borchert, Ingo & Mattoo, Aaditya, 2014. "The trade-reducing effects of restrictions on liner shipping," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6921, The World Bank.
  110. Briggs Kristie, 2017. "The Impact of Innovation on Financial and Insurance Services Exports," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 17(4), pages 1-10, October.
  111. Syed Al-Helal Uddin, 2016. "Value-added Trade, Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Trade Elasticity: Revisiting the Trade Competitiveness," 2016 Papers pud11, Job Market Papers.
  112. Wen, Huwei & Chen, Wenjing & Zhou, Fengxiu, 2023. "Does digital service trade boost technological innovation?: International evidence," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  113. Bernard Hoekman & Dominique Njinkeu, 2017. "Integrating Africa: Some Trade Policy Research Priorities and Challenges," RSCAS Working Papers 2017/43, European University Institute.
  114. Ronald B. Davies & Benjamin H. Liebman & Kasaundra Tomlin, 2015. "I've Been Everywhere (Except Mexico): Investor Responses to NAFTA's Cross-Border Trucking Provisions," The Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper Series iiisdp467, IIIS.
  115. Bernard M. Hoekman, 2013. "Multilateral Institutions and African Economic Integration," RSCAS Working Papers 2013/67, European University Institute.
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