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The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women's Employment

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Cited by:

  1. Goldstein, Markus & Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena & Papineni, Sreelakshmi & Wimpey, Joshua Seth, 2022. "Childcare, COVID-19 and Female Firm Exit : Impact of COVID-19 School Closure Policies on Global Gender Gaps in Business Outcomes," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10012, The World Bank.
  2. Li, Jiaqi, 2021. "Racial Difference in Child Penalty," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1382, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
  3. Claudia Goldin, 1994. "Labor Markets in the Twentieth Century," NBER Historical Working Papers 0058, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  4. Saez, Emmanuel & Schoefer, Benjamin & Seim, David, 2021. "Hysteresis from employer subsidies," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
  5. Gonzalez, Felipe & Prem, Mounu & von Dessauer, Cristine, 2023. "Empowerment or Indoctrination? Women Centers Under Dictatorship," SocArXiv 64mf9, Center for Open Science.
  6. Bailey, Martha J. & Collins, William J., 2006. "The Wage Gains of African-American Women in the 1940s," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 66(3), pages 737-777, September.
  7. Jörn Boehnke & Victor Gay, 2022. "The Missing Men: World War I and Female Labor Force Participation," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 57(4), pages 1209-1241.
  8. Kota Ogasawara & Mizuki Komura, 2022. "Consequences of war: Japan’s demographic transition and the marriage market," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(3), pages 1037-1069, July.
  9. Joanne Haddad & Lamis Kattan, 2024. "Female-Specific Labor Regulation and Employment: Historical Evidence from the United States," CESifo Working Paper Series 11546, CESifo.
  10. Semanur Soyyiğit & Seda Bayrakdar & Cüneyt Kiliç, . "Effect of Economic Complexity on Unemployment in Terms of Gender: Evidence from BEM Economies," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 0.
  11. Stefania Albanesi & Claudia Olivetti, 2014. "Maternal health and the baby boom," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 5, pages 225-269, July.
  12. Giovanni Razzu & Carl Singleton & Mark Mitchell, 2020. "On why the gender employment gap in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s," Industrial Relations Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(6), pages 476-501, November.
  13. Selhausen, Felix Meier zu & Weisdorf, Jacob, 2024. "Gender Inequality and the Colonial Economy: Evidence from Anglican Marriage Registers in Urban British Africa," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 711, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
  14. Matthias Doepke & Moshe Hazan & Yishay D. Maoz, 2015. "The Baby Boom and World War II: A Macroeconomic Analysis," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 82(3), pages 1031-1073.
  15. El-Mallakh, Nelly & Maurel, Mathilde & Speciale, Biagio, 2018. "Arab spring protests and women's labor market outcomes: Evidence from the Egyptian revolution," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 656-682.
  16. Rudolf, Robert & Wang, Shun & Wu, Fengyu, 2023. "The Arab Spring, a setback for gender equality? Evidence from the Gallup World Poll," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  17. James Fenske & Bishnupriya Gupta & Cora Neumann, 2025. "Missing women in colonial India," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 78(4), pages 997-1038, November.
  18. Bertocchi, Graziella & Bozzano, Monica, 2016. "Women, medieval commerce, and the education gender gap," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 496-521.
  19. Callaway, Brantly & Collins, William J., 2018. "Unions, workers, and wages at the peak of the American labor movement," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 95-118.
  20. Santos Silva, Manuel & Alexander, Amy C. & Klasen, Stephan & Welzel, Christian, 2023. "The roots of female emancipation: Initializing role of Cool Water," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 133-159.
  21. Morrill, Melinda Sandler & Morrill, Thayer, 2013. "Intergenerational links in female labor force participation," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 38-47.
  22. Achyuta Adhvaryu & Steven Bednar & Teresa Molina & Quynh Nguyen & Anant Nyshadham, 2020. "When It Rains It Pours: The Long-Run Economic Impacts of Salt Iodization in the United States," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 102(2), pages 395-407, May.
  23. Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude & Khamis, Melanie & Yuksel, Mutlu, 2013. "For Better or for Worse: The Long-Term Effects of Postwar Reconstruction on Family Formation," IZA Discussion Papers 7239, IZA Network @ LISER.
  24. Victor Gay & Daniel L Hicks & Estefania Santacreu-Vasut, 2016. "Language and Gender Roles among Immigrants to the US: A Historical Perspective," Post-Print hal-02523125, HAL.
  25. Nelly Elmallakh & Quentin Wodon, 2025. "Climate Shocks, Migration, and Labor Markets: A Gender Analysis from West Africa," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 61(9), pages 1443-1477, September.
  26. Boggiano, Bárbara, 2024. "Long-term effects of the Paraguayan War (1864-1870) on intimate partner violence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 177-224.
  27. LaLumia, Sara, 2008. "The effects of joint taxation of married couples on labor supply and non-wage income," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(7), pages 1698-1719, July.
  28. Bourguignon, Francois, 2005. "The Effect of Economic Growth on Social Structures," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 27, pages 1701-1747, Elsevier.
  29. Bellou, Andriana & Cardia, Emanuela, 2021. "The Great Depression and the rise of female employment: A new hypothesis," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
  30. Pham, Tho & Talavera, Oleksandr & Wu, Zhuangchen, 2023. "Labor markets during war time: Evidence from online job advertisements," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(4), pages 1316-1333.
  31. Neumark, David & Postlewaite, Andrew, 1998. "Relative income concerns and the rise in married women's employment," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 157-183, October.
  32. Renée B. Adams & Tom Kirchmaier, "undated". "From Female Labor Force Participation to Boardroom Gender Diversity," FMG Discussion Papers dp715, Financial Markets Group.
  33. Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude & Khamis, Melanie & Yuksel, Mutlu, 2017. "Women make houses, women make homes," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 145-161.
  34. Braun, Sebastian T. & Stuhler, Jan, 2024. "The economic consequences of being widowed by war: A life-cycle perspective," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
  35. Munroe, Ellen & Nosach, Anastasiia & Pedrozo, Moises & Guarnieri, Eleonora & Riano, Juan Felipe & Tur-Prats, Ana & Valencia Caicedo, Felipe, 2023. "The Legacies of War for Ukraine," CEPR Discussion Papers 17841, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  36. Fenske, James & Gupta, Bishnupriya & Yuan, Song, 2022. "Demographic Shocks and Women’s Labor Market Participation: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in India," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 82(3), pages 875-912, September.
  37. Steven Ruggles, 2015. "Patriarchy, Power, and Pay: The Transformation of American Families, 1800–2015," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(6), pages 1797-1823, December.
  38. Joyce P. Jacobsen, 2012. "Gender and the Economic Impacts of War," Wesleyan Economics Working Papers 2012-008, Wesleyan University, Department of Economics.
  39. Herbst, Chris M., 2013. "Universal Child Care, Maternal Employment, and Children's Long-Run Outcomes: Evidence from the U.S. Lanham Act of 1940," IZA Discussion Papers 7846, IZA Network @ LISER.
  40. repec:hka:wpaper:2013-03 is not listed on IDEAS
  41. Galofré Vilà, Gregori, 2020. "Quantifying the impact of aid to dependent children: An epidemiological framework⁎," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
  42. Paula Torres-Higuera, 2024. "Warm Days, Warmer Homes? Effects of Temperature Shocks on Time Allocation," Documentos CEDE 21133, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  43. Razzu, Giovanni & Singleton, Carl & Mitchell, Mark, 2018. "On why gender employment equality in Britain has stalled since the early 1990s," MPRA Paper 87190, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  44. González, Felipe & Prem, Mounu & von Dessauer, Cristine, 2024. "Empowerment or Indoctrination? Female Training Programs under Dictatorship," IZA Discussion Papers 17163, IZA Network @ LISER.
  45. Scott Kim & Petra Moser, 2025. "Women in Science. Lessons From the Baby Boom," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 93(5), pages 1521-1560, September.
  46. T. Aldrich Finegan & Robert A. Margo, 1993. "Added and Discouraged Workers in the Late 1930s: A Re-Examination," NBER Historical Working Papers 0045, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  47. Anger, Silke & Christoph, Bernhard & Galkiewicz, Agata & Margaryan, Shushanik & Peter, Frauke & Sandner, Malte & Siedler, Thomas, 2024. "War, international spillovers, and adolescents: Evidence from Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 181-193.
  48. Zdenka Johnson, 2022. "The Role of Federal Government in the United States War Economy during World War II [Role federální vlády ve válečné ekonomice Spojených států amerických během druhé světové války]," E-LOGOS, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2022(2), pages 23-47.
  49. Margo Beck & Sara LaLumia, 2022. "Female Role Models and Labor Force Participation: The Case of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 48(4), pages 488-517, October.
  50. Bellou, Andriana & Cardia, Emanuela & Lewis, Joshua, 2025. "From Bust to Boom: The Great Depression and Women's Fertility," IZA Discussion Papers 18120, IZA Network @ LISER.
  51. Dora L. Costa, 2000. "From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 14(4), pages 101-122, Fall.
  52. Price Fishback & Joseph A. Cullen, 2013. "Second World War spending and local economic activity in US counties, 1939–58," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 66(4), pages 975-992, November.
  53. Ramos-Toro, Diego, 2018. "Historical Conflict and Gender Disparities," MPRA Paper 85045, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  54. Christoph Eder, 2022. "Missing Men: Second World War Casualties and Structural Change," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 89(354), pages 437-460, April.
  55. Shuai Zhao & Arkadiusz Szydłowski, 2026. "Early Industrialization and Fertility Patterns in Historical China," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 93(1), pages 142-169, July.
  56. Lepage, Louis Pierre, 2021. "Endogenous learning, persistent employer biases, and discrimination," CLEF Working Paper Series 34, Canadian Labour Economics Forum (CLEF), University of Waterloo.
  57. Conover Emily & Khamis Melanie & Pearlman Sarah, 2021. "Gender Imbalances and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Large-Scale Mexican Migration," IZA Journal of Development and Migration, Paradigm & Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 12(1), pages 1-22, January.
  58. Abel Brodeur & Lamis Kattan, 2022. "World War II, the Baby Boom, and Employment: County-Level Evidence," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(2), pages 437-471.
  59. Marie Hyland & Simeon Djankov & Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, 2020. "Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 2(4), pages 475-490, December.
  60. Greenwood, Jeremy & Seshadri, Ananth, 2005. "Technological Progress and Economic Transformation," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 19, pages 1225-1273, Elsevier.
  61. Goldin, Claudia & Olivetti, Claudia & Ferrie, Joseph, 2025. "Mobilizing the manpower of mothers: Childcare under the Lanham Act during WWII," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  62. Nelly EL MALLAKH & Mathilde MAUREL & Biagio SPECIALE, 2014. "Women and political change: Evidence from the Egyptian revolution," Working Papers P116, FERDI.
  63. Bellou, Andriana & Cardia, Emanuela, 2016. "Occupations after WWII: The legacy of Rosie the Riveter," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 124-142.
  64. repec:mod:depeco:0007 is not listed on IDEAS
  65. Parwiz Mosamim & Jean‐Patrick Villeneuve, 2024. "75 Years of women representation in Afghanistan: Looking back to look forward," Public Administration & Development, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 44(4), pages 262-279, October.
  66. Barrera, Sergio E. & Ferrara, Andreas & Fishback, Price V. & Heggeness, Misty L., 2025. "The impact of World War II Army service on income and mobility in the 1960s by ethnoracial group," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  67. Stephen Donald & Daniel S. Hamermesh, 2004. "What is Discrimination? Gender in the American Economic Association," NBER Working Papers 10684, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  68. Miriam Fritzsche, 2024. "De-industrialization, local joblessness and the male-female employment gap," Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers 0040, Berlin School of Economics.
  69. Semanur Soyyiğit & Seda Bayrakdar & Cüneyt Kiliç, 2023. "Effect of Economic Complexity on Unemployment in Terms of Gender: Evidence from BEM Economies," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2023(3), pages 342-365.
  70. Lleras-Muney, Adriana & Morgan, Tommy & Price, Joseph & Wygal, William, 2025. "The effect of World War II spending and army service on the lifespan of the Black population," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  71. Aldrich, Howard E. & Brumana, Mara & Campopiano, Giovanna & Minola, Tommaso, 2021. "Embedded but not asleep: Entrepreneurship and family business research in the 21st century," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 12(1).
  72. Baha Kalinowska-Sufinowicz, 2024. "Sytuacja kobiet i mężczyzn na rynku pracy w świetle osiągnięć Claudii Goldin," Ekonomista, Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, issue 1, pages 100-114.
  73. Minseop Kim, 2021. "Parental Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Development: Evidence from Dual-Earner Families in Hong Kong," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-14, May.
  74. Wu, Jiabin & Zhang, Hanzhe, 2021. "Preference evolution in different matching markets," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
  75. Gautier, Thomas, 2025. "From missing brothers to educated sisters: The effects of victimization during the Rwandan genocide," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 318207, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  76. Tetsuji Okazaki, 2025. "Short-run and Long-run Impacts of the Female Labor Force Mobilization in Japan during World War II," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-1256, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
  77. Gay, Victor & Boehnke, Jörn, 2017. "The Missing Men: World War I and Female Labor Participation," MPRA Paper 77560, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  78. Claudia Goldin & Claudia Olivetti, 2013. "Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women's Labor Supply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 257-262, May.
  79. Bonsang, Eric & Costa-Font, Joan, 2023. "The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe," IZA Discussion Papers 16615, IZA Network @ LISER.
  80. Chen, Xi & Ge, Suqin, 2018. "Social norms and female labor force participation in urban China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 966-987.
  81. Agnese Sechi & Skerdilajda Zanaj & Gabriele Lombardi, 2024. "Mothers and students’mobility," DEM Discussion Paper Series 24-08, Department of Economics at the University of Luxembourg.
  82. Remi Jedwab & Noel D. Johnson & Mark Koyama, 2019. "Negative shocks and mass persecutions: evidence from the Black Death," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 345-395, December.
  83. Boehnke, Jörn & Gay, Victor, 2020. "The Missing Men: World War I and Female Labor Force Participation," TSE Working Papers 20-1064, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
  84. Tetsuji OKAZAKI, 2025. "Short-run and Long-run Impacts of the Female Labor Force Mobilization in Japan during World War II," CIGS Working Paper Series 25-020E, The Canon Institute for Global Studies.
  85. Pagan, Gina, 2026. "Hispanic Ethnicity and Attachment to Farmwork in the Post-WWII Southwest," 2026 Annual Meeting, July 26 - 28, 2026, Kansas City, Missouri 404612, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  86. Isis Gaddis & Stephan Klasen, 2014. "Economic development, structural change, and women’s labor force participation:," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 27(3), pages 639-681, July.
  87. Lepage, Louis Pierre, 2020. "Endogenous learning and the persistence of employer biases in the labor market," CLEF Working Paper Series 24, Canadian Labour Economics Forum (CLEF), University of Waterloo.
  88. Victor Gay, 2017. "The Legacy of the Missing Men: The Long-Run Impact of World War I on Female Labor Force Participation," 2017 Papers pga905, Job Market Papers.
  89. ASAI, Kentaro & KAMBAYASHI, Ryo, 2023. "The Consequences of Hometown Regiment : What Happened in Hometown When the Soldiers Never Returned?," Discussion Paper Series 743, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
  90. Duque, Valentina & Schmitz, Lauren L., 2020. "The Influence of Early-life Economic Shocks on Long-term Outcomes: Evidence from the U.S. Great Depression," Working Papers 2020-11, University of Sydney, School of Economics.
  91. Claudia Goldin, 2006. "The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(2), pages 1-21, May.
  92. Liu, Chong & Lu, Wenyi & Yuan, Ye, 2025. "The quiet revolution: Send-down movement and female empowerment in China," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  93. Casey B. Mulligan, 1997. "Pecuniary Incentives to Work in the U.S. during World War II," NBER Working Papers 6326, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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  95. Tho Pham & Oleksandr Talavera & Zhuangchen Wu, 2023. "Labor Markets during War Time: Evidence from Online Job Ads," Discussion Papers 23-03, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham.
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