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Faut-il contraindre la politique budgétaire en union monétaire ?: Les enseignements d’une maquette simulée

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  • Jérôme Creel

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

Des discussions récentes, au niveau européen, ont ravivé les inquiétudes des détracteurs du Pacte de stabilité et de croissance. Le 12 février 2001, les ministres des Finances des pays de l’UE, moins celui de l’Irlande, ont condamné publiquement sa politique budgétaire et ont recommandé à son gouvernement qu’il « mette un terme à la non-conformité de son budget 2001 avec les grandes orientations de politique économique » adoptées par le Conseil européen en juin 2000. Cette recommandation, qui révèle une lecture très stricte du Pacte de stabilité et de croissance, est paradoxale : d’une part, les performances macroéconomiques irlandaises lui ont permis d’accumuler des excédents publics records ; d’autre part, la condamnation par les Quatorze d’une politique budgétaire pro-cyclique tranche avec les exhortations des années 1990 à assainir les finances publiques en Europe alors que l’UE subissait une grave crise économique ! Pour étudier les conséquences du Pacte de stabilité et de croissance, nous avons construit une maquette à deux pays en union monétaire dont les valeurs initiales et les multiplicateurs sont basés sur l’économie française et sur des résultats issus du modèle MIMOSA. Le modèle est keynésien à court terme mais inclut des effets de richesse. Prenant en compte les accumulations d’actifs, dont la dette publique, il peut reproduire à long terme certains des résultats de la « théorie budgétaire du niveau des prix », mais aussi donner des résultats inédits dans ce cadre. Nous distinguons deux visions du Pacte de stabilité : d’une part, celle selon laquelle la phase de réduction des déficits publics entreprise à la fin des années 1990 n’a été justifiée que par l’objectif d’entrer dans la zone euro dès 1999, ou comme un moyen transitoire de rétablir des marges de manœuvre pour la politique budgétaire ; d’autre part, celle selon laquelle la politique budgétaire doit être « paralysée » pour des raisons de crédibilité et être dominée par la politique monétaire. Les résultats de notre modélisation sont que, malgré son caractère keynésien, il peut être profitable aux gouvernements eux-mêmes de se lier les mains en adoptant un budget en équilibre constant. Ce résultat ne vaut pas à court terme, et vacille si les politiques budgétaires sont coordonnées avec la politique menée par la banque centrale. Celle-ci peut avoir intérêt à laisser les politiques budgétaires être contra-cycliques à court terme. A long terme, néanmoins, elle préférera toujours que les politiques budgétaires soient neutralisées. Ainsi est-elle la seule bénéficiaire permanente d’une lecture stricte du Pacte.

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  • Jérôme Creel, 2001. "Faut-il contraindre la politique budgétaire en union monétaire ?: Les enseignements d’une maquette simulée," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/2943, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2943
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    1. Cornel Oros, 2008. "Macroeconomic stabilization in a heterogeneous monetary union: some insights into the effects of fiscal policy coordination," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 5(34), pages 1-12.

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