IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/fininn/v4y2018i1d10.1186_s40854-018-0103-3.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Nexus between financial innovation and economic growth in South Asia: evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches

Author

Listed:
  • Md. Qamruzzaman

    (Wuhan University of Technology
    United International University)

  • Wei Jianguo

    (United International University)

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between financial innovation and economic growth in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka for the period Q1 1975 to Q4 2016. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test was used to gauge long-run relationships, and the nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) test was used to explore asymmetry between financial innovation and economic growth in the sample of Asian countries. The findings from the bounds tests revealed long-run cointegration between financial innovation and economic growth in the sample countries. Furthermore, NARDL confirmed that positive changes in financial innovation linked positively with economic growth and vice versa in the long run. In the short run, however, the study found mixed behaviors in the case of positive and negative changes in financial innovation. To investigate directional causality, the Granger causality test under an error correction model was employed. The Granger causality results supported the feedback hypothesis in both the long run and short run. Thus, financial innovation boosts economic growth in the long run by stimulating financial service expansion, financial efficiency, capital accumulation, and efficient financial intermediation, which are essential for sustainable economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Md. Qamruzzaman & Wei Jianguo, 2018. "Nexus between financial innovation and economic growth in South Asia: evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 4(1), pages 1-19, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:fininn:v:4:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1186_s40854-018-0103-3
    DOI: 10.1186/s40854-018-0103-3
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1186/s40854-018-0103-3
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1186/s40854-018-0103-3?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Beck, Thorsten & Levine, Ross, 2004. "Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 423-442, March.
    2. Greenwood, Jeremy & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1990. "Financial Development, Growth, and the Distribution of Income," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 1076-1107, October.
    3. Aghion, Philippe & Howitt, Peter, 1992. "A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 60(2), pages 323-351, March.
    4. Florian Verheyen, 2013. "Interest rate pass-through in the EMU – new evidence using the nonlinear ARDL framework," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 33(1), pages 729-739.
    5. Robert G. King & Ross Levine, 1993. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(3), pages 717-737.
    6. Kwiatkowski, Denis & Phillips, Peter C. B. & Schmidt, Peter & Shin, Yongcheol, 1992. "Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root : How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1-3), pages 159-178.
    7. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
    8. Maxim Kotsemir & Alexander Abroskin & Dirk Meissner, 2013. "Innovation concepts and typology – an evolutionary discussion," HSE Working papers WP BRP 05/STI/2013, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    9. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
    10. Delatte, Anne-Laure & López-Villavicencio, Antonia, 2012. "Asymmetric exchange rate pass-through: Evidence from major countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 833-844.
    11. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 52-68.
    12. Dosi, Giovanni & Fagiolo, Giorgio & Roventini, Andrea, 2010. "Schumpeter meeting Keynes: A policy-friendly model of endogenous growth and business cycles," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 1748-1767, September.
    13. Robert J. Barro, 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 106(2), pages 407-443.
    14. Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee & Claire Economidou & Gour Gobinda Goswami, 2005. "How sensitive are Britain's inpayments and outpayments to the value of the British pound," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 32(5), pages 455-467, October.
    15. Laeven, Luc & Levine, Ross & Michalopoulos, Stelios, 2015. "Financial innovation and endogenous growth," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 1-24.
    16. Unknown, 2016. "Energy for Sustainable Development," Conference Proceedings 253270, Guru Arjan Dev Institute of Development Studies (IDSAsr).
    17. Miller, Merton H., 1986. "Financial Innovation: The Last Twenty Years and the Next," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21(4), pages 459-471, December.
    18. Beck, Thorsten & Chen, Tao & Lin, Chen & Song, Frank M., 2016. "Financial innovation: The bright and the dark sides," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 28-51.
    19. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    20. Arestis, Philip & Demetriades, Panicos O, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Assessing the Evidence," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 107(442), pages 783-799, May.
    21. World Bank, 2017. "World Development Indicators 2017," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 26447.
    22. Md abdul Wadud, 2009. "Financial development and economic growth: a cointegration and error-correction modeling approach for south Asian countries," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 29(3), pages 1670-1677.
    23. Stephen Lumpkin, 2010. "Regulatory issues related to financial innovation," OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, OECD Publishing, vol. 2009(2), pages 1-31.
    24. Levine, Ross & Renelt, David, 1992. "A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 942-963, September.
    25. Jung, Woo S, 1986. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: International Evidence," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(2), pages 333-346, January.
    26. Kerk Phillips & Jeffrey M. Wrase, 1999. "Schumpeterian growth and endogenous business cycles," Working Papers 99-20, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    27. Khalifa Ghali & Al-Mutawa Ahmed, 1999. "The Intertemporal Causal Dynamics Between Fixed Capital Formation and Economic Growth in The Group-Of-Seven Countries," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(2), pages 31-37.
    28. Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee & Amirhossein Mohammadian, 2016. "Asymmetry Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Production: Evidence from Nonlinear ARDL Approach," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(3), pages 181-191, September.
    29. Mark Knell, 2015. "Schumpeter, Minsky and the financial instability hypothesis," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 293-310, January.
    30. Johansen, Soren, 1995. "Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198774501.
    31. Alex Bara & Gift Mugano & Pierre Le Roux, 2016. "Financial Innovation and Economic Growth in the SADC," Working Papers 627, Economic Research Southern Africa.
    32. Muhammad Arshad Khan & Abdul Qayyum & Saeed Ahmed Sheikh, 2005. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 44(4), pages 819-837.
    33. Demetriades, Panicos O & Luintel, Kul B, 1996. "Financial Development, Economic Growth and Banker Sector Controls: Evidence from India," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(435), pages 359-374, March.
    34. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    35. Rahman, Habibur, 2004. "Financial Development-Economic Growth Nexus: A Case Study of Bangladesh," Bangladesh Development Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), vol. 30(3-4), pages 113-128, Sept-Dec.
    36. Pesaran, H. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 1998. "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, January.
    37. King, Robert G. & Levine, Ross, 1993. "Finance, entrepreneurship and growth: Theory and evidence," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 513-542, December.
    38. Ang, James B., 2008. "What are the mechanisms linking financial development and economic growth in Malaysia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 38-53, January.
    39. Abdullahi Dahir Ahmed, 2006. "The Impact of Financial Liberalization Policies: The Case of Botswana," Journal of African Development, African Finance and Economic Association (AFEA), vol. 8(1), pages 13-38.
    40. Panicos O. Demetriades & Svetlana Andrianova, 2005. "Sources and Effectiveness of Financial Development: What We Know and What We Need to Know," WIDER Working Paper Series RP2005-76, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    41. Wachter, Jessica A., 2006. "Comment on: "Can financial innovation help to explain the reduced volatility of economic activity?"," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 151-154, January.
    42. Robert C. Merton, 1992. "Financial Innovation And Economic Performance," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 4(4), pages 12-22, January.
    43. Johansen, Soren, 1991. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1551-1580, November.
    44. Peter Howitt, 2000. "Endogenous Growth and Cross-Country Income Differences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(4), pages 829-846, September.
    45. Godfrey Ndlovu, 2013. "Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Zimbabwe," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 3(2), pages 435-446.
    46. Thorsten Beck & Lemma Senbet & Witness Simbanegavi, 2015. "Financial Inclusion and Innovation in Africa: An Overview," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 24(suppl_1), pages 3-11.
    47. Najia Saqib, 2015. "Review of Literature on Finance-Growth Nexus," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 5(4), pages 1-11.
    48. Md. Qamruzzaman & Wei Jianguo, 2017. "Financial innovation and economic growth in Bangladesh," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 3(1), pages 1-24, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Abdul Rahman & Muhammad Arshad Khan, 2024. "The Relationship Between Financial Development and Economic Growth: New Insights Using Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Framework and Way Forward," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 5939-5964, June.
    2. Lukman A. Olorogun, 2024. "Modelling Financial Development in the Private Sector, FDI, and Sustainable Economic Growth in sub-Saharan Africa: ARDL Bound Test-FMOLS, DOLS Robust Analysis," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(2), pages 8416-8434, June.
    3. Suleman Sarwar & Rida Waheed & Ghazala Aziz & Simona Andreea Apostu, 2022. "The Nexus of Energy, Green Economy, Blue Economy, and Carbon Neutrality Targets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Yongliang Zhang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Salma Karim & Ishrat Jahan, 2021. "Nexus between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRIC Nations: The Mediating Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-29, August.
    5. Diby Francois Kassi & Yao Li & Zhankui Dong, 2023. "The mitigating effect of governance quality on the finance‐renewable energy‐growth nexus: Some international evidence," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 316-354, January.
    6. Musakwa Mercy Tsitsi & Odhiambo Nicholas Mbaya, 2022. "Financial development and economic growth in Botswana: New evidence from disaggregated data," Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 8(2), pages 1-17, December.
    7. Waheed, Rida & Sarwar, Suleman & Alsaggaf, Majid Ibrahim, 2023. "Relevance of energy, green and blue factors to achieve sustainable economic growth: Empirical study of Saudi Arabia," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    8. Lukman Ayinde Olorogun, 2022. "Revisiting the Nexus of FDI-Led Growth Hypothesis and Economic Development in Rwanda: a Johansen-ARDL Approach to Cointegration," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 13(4), pages 2695-2717, December.
    9. Nandelenga, Martin Wafula & Oduor, Jacob, 2020. "Asymmetric analysis of finance - Inequality nexus: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).
    10. Rida Waheed, 2023. "Energy Challenges, Green Growth, Blue Indicators, and Sustainable Economic Growth: A Study of Saudi Arabia," Evaluation Review, , vol. 47(6), pages 983-1024, December.
    11. Parminder KAUR & Ravi SINGLA, 2023. "Asymmetric Effects of Commodity Prices on Stock Returns of BRICS Countries," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(1), pages 145-164, March.
    12. Adegbola Olubukola Otekunrin & Tough Chinoda & Kudzanai Matowanyika, 2021. "The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Financial Development, Financial Inclusion and Financial Innovation in Africa," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 11(8), pages 672-681, August.
    13. Rida Waheed, 2022. "The Significance of Energy Factors, Green Economic Indicators, Blue Economic Aspects towards Carbon Intensity: A Study of Saudi Vision 2030," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-22, June.
    14. Moeti Damane, 2022. "Investigating the determinants of commercial bank interest rate spreads in Lesotho: Evidence from autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non‐linear ARDL approaches," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(4), pages 4256-4278, October.
    15. Kirikkaleli, Dervis, 2023. "Resource efficiency, energy productivity, and environmental quality in Japan," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    16. Hyeladi Stanley Dibal & Habila Abel Haruna & Chinyere C. Onyejiaku & Ogbole Friday Ogbole & Josaphat Uchechukwu J. Onwumere, 2024. "Pension Fund Investments and Capital Market Development in Nigeria: The Moderating Role of Inflation," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 16(2), pages 248-269, May.
    17. Wei Li & Serhat Yüksel & Hasan Dinçer, 2022. "Understanding the financial innovation priorities for renewable energy investors via QFD-based picture fuzzy and rough numbers," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-30, December.
    18. Md. Qamruzzaman & Salma Karim, 2020. "Nexus between Economic Volatility, Trade Openness and FDI: An Application of ARDL, NARDL and Asymmetric Causality," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(7), pages 790-807, July.
    19. Shuhua Xu & Md. Qamruzzaman & Anass Hamadelneel Adow, 2021. "Is Financial Innovation Bestowed or a Curse for Economic Sustainably: The Mediating Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    20. Tough Chinoda & Josphat Nyoni & Maxwell Chufama & Andrew Jeremiah & Martin Dandira, 2021. "The Nexus between Financial Innovation, Financial Inclusion, and Economic growth in Africa: A PMG Approach," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 5(10), pages 544-550, October.
    21. Ha Junsheng & Yuning Mu & Muhammad Mehedi Masud & Rulia Akhtar & Abu Naser Mohammad Saif & K. M. Anwarul Islam & Nusrat Hafiz, 2024. "Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-13, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Md. Qamruzzaman & Wei Jianguo, 2017. "Financial innovation and economic growth in Bangladesh," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 3(1), pages 1-24, December.
    2. Md. Qamruzzaman & Wei Jianguo & Sharmin Jahan & Zhu Yingjun, 2021. "Financial innovation, human capital development, and economic growth of selected South Asian countries: An application of ARDL approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4032-4053, July.
    3. Md. Qamruzzaman & Jianguo Wei, 2018. "Financial Innovation, Stock Market Development, and Economic Growth: An Application of ARDL Model," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-30, August.
    4. Zahid Mehmood Akhtar & Dr. Faid Gul & Dr. Fauzia Mubarak, 2024. "Economic Growth and Financial Intermediation Nexus in Pakistan: An ARDL Analysis," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(1), pages 542-551.
    5. Muhammad Shahbaz & Ijaz Ur Rehman & Ahmed Taneem Muzaffar, 2015. "Re-Visiting Financial Development and Economic Growth Nexus: The Role of Capitalization in Bangladesh," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 83(3), pages 452-471, September.
    6. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-485 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Muhammad Rizwan Nazir & Yong Tan & Muhammad Imran Nazir, 2021. "Financial innovation and economic growth: Empirical evidence from China, India and Pakistan," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 6036-6059, October.
    8. Muhammad Arshad Khan & Abdul Qayyum, 2007. "Trade Liberalisation, Financial Development and Economic Growth," PIDE-Working Papers 2007:19, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    9. Pan, Lei & Mishra, Vinod, 2018. "Stock market development and economic growth: Empirical evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 661-673.
    10. James B. Ang, 2008. "A Survey Of Recent Developments In The Literature Of Finance And Growth," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 536-576, July.
    11. Rudra P. Pradhan & Mak B. Arvin & John H. Hall & Sahar Bahmani, 2014. "Causal nexus between economic growth, banking sector development, stock market development, and other macroeconomic variables: The case of ASEAN countries," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 23(4), pages 155-173, November.
    12. Demetriades, Panicos O. & Hussein, Khaled A., 1996. "Does financial development cause economic growth? Time-series evidence from 16 countries," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 387-411, December.
    13. Alessio Ciarlone, 2019. "The relationship between financial development and growth: the case of emerging Europe," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 521, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    14. Arshad Ali Bhatti & M. Emranul Haque & Denise R. Osborn, 2013. "Is the Growth Effect of Financial Development Conditional on Technological Innovation?," Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series 188, Economics, The University of Manchester.
    15. Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Babu, M. Suresh & Loganathan, Nanthakumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Does financial development intensify energy consumption in Saudi Arabia?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1022-1034.
    16. Chor Foon Tang & Salah Abosedra, 2020. "Does Financial Development Moderate the Effects on Growth Volatility? The Experience of Malaysia," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 14(4), pages 361-381, November.
    17. Shuhua Xu & Md. Qamruzzaman & Anass Hamadelneel Adow, 2021. "Is Financial Innovation Bestowed or a Curse for Economic Sustainably: The Mediating Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    18. Pradhan, Rudra P. & Arvin, Mak B. & Norman, Neville R., 2015. "Insurance development and the finance-growth nexus: Evidence from 34 OECD countries," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 1-22.
    19. Aqil Khan & Mumtaz Ahmed & Salma Bibi, 2019. "Financial development and economic growth nexus for Pakistan: a revisit using maximum entropy bootstrap approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1157-1169, October.
    20. Polat, Ali & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Ur Rehman, Ijaz & Satti, Saqlain Latif, 2013. "Revisiting Linkages between Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in South Africa: Fresh Evidence from Combined Cointegration Test," MPRA Paper 51724, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 25 Nov 2013.
    21. Hirak Ray & Malay Kanti Ray & Joydeep Biswas, 2009. "Bank, Market and Economic Growth," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 10(2), pages 403-428, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial innovation; Economic growth; ARDL; NARDL; JEL; O52; C21;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe
    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:fininn:v:4:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1186_s40854-018-0103-3. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.