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Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Penetration in the EU by 2030: A Model-Based Policy Assessment

Author

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  • Stergios Statharas

    (E3MLab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece)

  • Yannis Moysoglou

    (E3MLab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece)

  • Pelopidas Siskos

    (E3MLab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece)

  • Georgios Zazias

    (E3MLab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece)

  • Pantelis Capros

    (E3MLab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou Street, Zografou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

The European Commission (EC) has set ambitious CO 2 emission reduction objectives for the transport sector by 2050. In this context, most decarbonisation scenarios for transport foresee large market penetration of electric vehicles in 2030 and 2050. The emergence of electrified car mobility is, however, uncertain due to various barriers such as battery costs, range anxiety and dependence on battery recharging networks. Those barriers need to be addressed in the 2020–2030 decade, as this is key to achieving electrification at a large scale in the longer term. The paper explores the uncertainties prevailing in the first decade and the mix of policies to overcome the barriers by quantifying a series of sensitivity analysis scenarios of the evolution of the car markets in the EU Member States and the impacts of each barrier individually. The model used is PRIMES-TREMOVE, which has been developed by E3MLab and constitutes a detailed energy-economic model for the transport sector. Based on model results, the paper assesses the market, energy, emission and cost impacts of various CO 2 car standards, infrastructure development plans with different geographic coverage and a range of battery cost reductions driven by learning and mass industrial production. The assessment draws on the comparison of 29 sensitivity scenarios for the EU, which show that removing the barriers in the decade 2020–2030 is important for electrification emergence. The results show that difficult policy dilemmas exist between adopting stringent standards and infrastructure of wide coverage to push technology and market development and adverse effects on costs, in case the high cost of batteries persists. However, if the pace of battery cost reductions is fast, a weak policy for standards and infrastructure is not cost-effective and sub-optimal. These policies are shown to have impacts on the competition between pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Drivers that facilitate electrification also favour the uptake of the former technology, the latter being a reasonable choice only in case the barriers persist and obstruct electrification.

Suggested Citation

  • Stergios Statharas & Yannis Moysoglou & Pelopidas Siskos & Georgios Zazias & Pantelis Capros, 2019. "Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Penetration in the EU by 2030: A Model-Based Policy Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-25, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:14:p:2739-:d:249204
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Lazar Gitelman & Mikhail Kozhevnikov & Olga Ryzhuk, 2019. "Advance Management Education for Power-Engineering and Industry of the Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-23, October.
    6. Dimitrios Rizopoulos & Domokos Esztergár-Kiss, 2023. "Heuristic time-dependent personal scheduling problem with electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 2009-2048, October.
    7. Alicia Triviño & José M. González-González & José A. Aguado, 2021. "Wireless Power Transfer Technologies Applied to Electric Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, March.
    8. Mengnan Li & Haiyi Ye & Xiawei Liao & Junping Ji & Xiaoming Ma, 2020. "How Shenzhen, China pioneered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in a major city: Implications for global implementation," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(4), July.
    9. Nandan Gopinathan & Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam, 2022. "Energy Anxiety in Decentralized Electricity Markets: A Critical Review on EV Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-40, July.
    10. Anastasios Melas & Tommaso Selleri & Jacopo Franzetti & Christian Ferrarese & Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa & Barouch Giechaskiel, 2022. "On-Road and Laboratory Emissions from Three Gasoline Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles-Part 2: Solid Particle Number Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-15, July.
    11. Farida Shaban & Pelopidas Siskos & Christos Tjortjis, 2023. "Electromobility Prospects in Greece by 2030: A Regional Perspective on Strategic Policy Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-17, August.
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    13. Spyridon Achinas & Johan Horjus & Vasileios Achinas & Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink, 2019. "A PESTLE Analysis of Biofuels Energy Industry in Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-24, October.
    14. Marko Emanović & Martina Jakara & Danijela Barić, 2022. "Challenges and Opportunities for Future BEVs Adoption in Croatia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-18, July.
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