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Second Life Batteries Used in Energy Storage for Frequency Containment Reserve Service

Author

Listed:
  • Lukáš Janota

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

  • Tomáš Králík

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

  • Jaroslav Knápek

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

Abstract

The new Li-ion battery systems used in electric vehicles have an average capacity of 50 kWh and are expected to be discarded when they reach approximately 80% of their initial capacity, because they are considered to no longer be sufficient for traction purposes. Based on the official national future development scenarios and subsequent mathematical modeling of the number of electric vehicles (EVs), up to 400 GWh of storage capacity in discharged batteries will be available on the EU market by 2035. Therefore, since the batteries still have a considerable capacity after the end of their first life, they could be used in many stationary applications during their second life, such as support for renewables, flexibility, energy arbitrage, peak shaving, etc. Due to the high output power achieved in a short time, one of the most promising applications of these batteries are ancillary services. The study assesses the economic efficiency of the used batteries and presents several main scenarios depending on the likely future development of the interconnected EU regulatory energy market. The final results indicate that the best results of second-life batteries utilization lie in the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve Service, both from a technical and economic point of view. The internal rate of return fluctuates from 8% to 21% in the realistic scenario, and it supports the idea that such systems might be able to be in operation without any direct financial subsidies.

Suggested Citation

  • Lukáš Janota & Tomáš Králík & Jaroslav Knápek, 2020. "Second Life Batteries Used in Energy Storage for Frequency Containment Reserve Service," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-36, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:23:p:6396-:d:455714
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    Cited by:

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    4. Terkes, Musa & Arikan, Oktay & Gokalp, Erdin, 2024. "The effect of electric vehicle charging demand variability on optimal hybrid power systems with second-life lithium-ion or fresh Na–S batteries considering power quality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    5. Muhammad Sheraz & Woojin Choi, 2023. "A Novel Technique for Fast Ohmic Resistance Measurement to Evaluate the Aging of Lithium-Ion xEVs Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Jewon Oh & Daisuke Sumiyoshi & Masatoshi Nishioka & Hyunbae Kim, 2021. "Efficient Operation Method of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System Using Demand Response," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
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