Does national culture influence malfeasance in banks around the world?

We examine the extent to which national culture influences the severity of financial misconduct by banks globally. Using cultural background information of the country where a bank is headquartered, we detail strong evidence that individual over-confidence increases bank misconduct while uncertainty avoidance reduces it. The findings hold with alternative national culture and loss measures, using instrumental variable two-stage least squares, excluding Anglo-Saxon countries, for US sanctions only and, for individual over-confidence, across states within the US. Regulatory capital stringency and supervisory independence can help to counter the influence of individual over-confidence on such losses. The findings outlined are relevant to regulators, policymakers, and banking practitioners seeking to mitigate malfeasance in financial institutions.