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Local exposure to toxic releases: Examining the role of ethnic fractionalization and polarisation

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  • Cole, Matthew A.
  • Elliott, Robert J.R.
  • Khemmarat, Khemrutai

Abstract

This paper examines the role played by community characteristics in influencing local exposure to toxic releases, focusing specifically on ethnic fractionalization and polarisation. In contrast to the previous literature, this study argues that it is the fractionalization and/or polarisation of ethnic groups that is the relevant consideration, rather than the population share of ethnic minorities, since such ethnic divisions may significantly increase the difficulty of coordinating community action. Using toxic release data for the periods 1990 to 1995 and 2000 to 2005 we find that measures of ethnic divisions have a positive relationship with toxic releases. This finding persists across a range of robustness exercises.

Suggested Citation

  • Cole, Matthew A. & Elliott, Robert J.R. & Khemmarat, Khemrutai, 2013. "Local exposure to toxic releases: Examining the role of ethnic fractionalization and polarisation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 249-259.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:93:y:2013:i:c:p:249-259
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.011
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    2. Drigo, Alessandra, 2024. "Breathing Inequality? Income, Ethnicity and PM2.5 Exposure in Bologna, Italy," FEEM Working Papers 347666, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
    3. Michael L. Polemis & Thanasis Stengos, 2019. "Does competition prevent industrial pollution? Evidence from a panel threshold model," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 98-110, January.
    4. Parcero, Osiris J. & Papyrakis, Elissaios, 2016. "Income inequality and the oil resource curse," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 159-177.
    5. Alessandra Drigo, 2024. "Breathing Inequality? Income, Ethnicity and PM2.5 Exposure in Bologna, Italy," Working Papers 2024.24, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    6. Osiris Jorge Parcero & Elissaios Papyrakis, 2024. "Income inequality and the oil resource curse," Papers 2401.04046, arXiv.org.
    7. Carpenter, Angela & Wagner, Marcus, 2019. "Environmental justice in the oil refinery industry: A panel analysis across United States counties," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 101-109.
    8. Zwickl, Klara & Ash, Michael & Boyce, James K., 2014. "Regional variation in environmental inequality: Industrial air toxics exposure in U.S. cities," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 494-509.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Pollution; Ethnic divisions; Fractionalization; Polarisation; Community characteristics; Environmental justice;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • D70 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - General

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