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Rural Income Generating Activities in Developing Countries: Re-assessing the Evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Carletto, Gero
  • Covarrubias, Katia
  • Davis, Benjamin
  • Krausova, Marika
  • Stamoulis, Kostas G.
  • Winters, Paul C.
  • Zezza, Alberto

Abstract

This paper contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of developing country rural labour markets by re-evaluating the available evidence on the levels and composition of income sources adopted by rural households in order to understand the relationship between the various economic activities taking place in rural areas and their implications for economic growth and poverty reduction. This is achieved in two parts: First, the paper introduces the Rural Income Generating Activities (RIGA) database, a newly constructed FAO repository of household survey data, income measures and cross-country comparable indicators. Second, using the RIGA database, the paper undertakes a descriptive analysis of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of the rural economy, assessing the importance of rural non-farm activities within the complex income strategies adopted by rural households in developing countries and their relationship to poverty and inequality.

Suggested Citation

  • Carletto, Gero & Covarrubias, Katia & Davis, Benjamin & Krausova, Marika & Stamoulis, Kostas G. & Winters, Paul C. & Zezza, Alberto, 2007. "Rural Income Generating Activities in Developing Countries: Re-assessing the Evidence," eJADE: electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA), vol. 4(01), pages 1-48.
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:ejade1:112596
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.112596
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    2. Nzabakenga, Alfred & Feng, Luo Xiao & Yaqin, He, 2013. "Agricultural Income Determinants among Smallholder Farmers: Case of Northern Part of Burundi," Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, Asian Economic and Social Society (AESS), vol. 3(11), pages 1-8, November.
    3. Bi Goli Jean Jacques Iritié & Fabrice Soukou Djaléga, 2016. "Diversification of income sources for cocoa farm households: a case study of the Central West of Côte d'Ivoire," African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 5(3), pages 230-265.
    4. Ovwigho, Bishop O., 2014. "Factors Influencing Involvement in Nonfarm Income Generating Activities Among Local Farmers: The Case of Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria," Sustainable Agriculture Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 3(01).
    5. Janssens, Charlotte & Van Den Broeck, Goedele & Maertens, Miet & Lambrecht, Isabel, "undated". "Mothers’ Non-Farm Entrepreneurship and Child Secondary Education in Rural Ghana," Working Papers 267302, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centre for Agricultural and Food Economics.
    6. Koomson, Isaac & Orkoh, Emmanuel & Ahmad, Shabbir, 2023. "Non-farm entrepreneurship, caste, and energy poverty in rural India," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    7. Rafael E. de Hoyos & Denis Medvedev, 2011. "Poverty Effects of Higher Food Prices: A Global Perspective," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(3), pages 387-402, August.
    8. Achyuta R. Adhvaryu & Kathleen Beegle, 2012. "The Long-Run Impacts of Adult Deaths on Older Household Members in Tanzania," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(2), pages 245-277.
    9. Tran Quang Tuyen, 2015. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Household Income among Ethnic Minorities in the North-West Mountains, Vietnam," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, vol. 17(1), pages 139-159, June.
    10. Benzarour, Choukri, 2022. "التدخل لتحسين أدوار ونتائج قطاع الحرف اليدوية في الجزائر: التطلع إلى المستقبل، وتحديد عناصر الممارسة الفعالة [Intervening to improve roles and outcomes of Algerian handicraft sector: Looking to the," MPRA Paper 112833, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Reardon, Thomas & Pingali, Prabhu L. & Stamoulis, Kostas G., 2006. "Impacts of Agrifood Market Transformation during Globalization on the Poor's Rural Nonfarm Employment: Lessons for Rural Business Development Programs," Staff Paper Series 11572, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    12. Katarzyna Cieslik & Olivia D’Aoust, 2018. "Risky Business? Rural Entrepreneurship in Subsistence Markets: Evidence from Burundi," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 30(4), pages 693-717, September.
    13. Tuyen, Tran Quang, 2013. "Farmland and peri-urban livelihoods in Hanoi, Vietnam: evidence from household survey data," MPRA Paper 60847, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 19 Dec 2014.
    14. Prosper F. Bangwayo‐Skeete & Mintewab Bezabih & Precious Zikhali, 2012. "Crop biodiversity, productivity and production risk: Panel data micro‐evidence from Ethiopia," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(4), pages 263-273, November.
    15. Sinne Borby Ørtenblad & Torben Birch-Thomsen & Lukelo Roden Msese, 2019. "Rural Transformation and Changing Rural–Urban Connections in a Dynamic Region in Tanzania: Perspectives on Processes of Inclusive Development," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 31(1), pages 118-138, January.
    16. Bandeira, Pablo & Sumpsi, Jose Maria, 2009. "Access to land and rural poverty in developing countries: theory and evidence from Guatemala," MPRA Paper 13365, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Briones, M.R., 2018. "IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 20 - Transformation and diversification of the rural economy in Asia," IFAD Research Series 280069, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
    18. Quang Tran, Tuyen, 2012. "A review on the link between nonfarm activities, land and rural livelihoods in Vietnam and developing countries," MPRA Paper 55850, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 17 Nov 2013.
    19. Christiaensen, Luc & Todo, Yasuyuki, 2014. "Poverty Reduction During the Rural–Urban Transformation – The Role of the Missing Middle," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 43-58.
    20. Agossadou, A.J. & Fiamohe, R. & Tossou, H. & Kinkpe, T., 2018. "Agribusiness opportunities for youth in Nigeria: Farmers perceptions and willingness to pay for mechanized harvesting equipment," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277553, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    21. Francesca Marchetta, 2008. "Migration and non farm activities as income diversification strategies: the case of Northern Ghana," Working Papers - Economics wp2008_16.rdf, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Economia e l'Impresa.
    22. Olusegun Fadare & Isaac Omorogbe, 2025. "Armed Conflict and Livestock Species Choices in Northern Nigeria: Evidence From Panel Data Analysis," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(5), pages 1116-1126, July.
    23. Janssens, Charlotte & Van den Broeck, Goedele & Maertens, Miet & Lambrecht, Isabel, 2018. "Mothers’ non-farm entrepreneurship and child secondary education in rural Ghana," IFPRI discussion papers 1705, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    24. Barron, Manuel & Torero, Maximo, 2012. "Determinants of Time Allocation to Rural Non-Farm Activities in Central America: The Role of Infrastructure and EducationI," MPRA Paper 61421, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population

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