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Do Family Policies Reduce Gender Inequality? Evidence from 60 Years of Policy Experimentation

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Elena Lagomarsino & Francesco Trevisan, 2025. "The Labor Supply Costs of Intra-Household Economic Violence," Working Papers 2025: 07, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
  2. Francesca Barigozzi & Helmuth Cremer & Emmanuel Thibault, 2024. "The motherhood wage and income traps," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 37(4), pages 1-26, December.
  3. Corekcioglu, Gozde & Francesconi, Marco & Kunze, Astrid, 2024. "Expansions in paid parental leave and mothers’ economic progress," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
  4. Graf, Nikolaus & Köppl-Turyna, Monika, 2020. "Längere Öffnungszeiten in der Kinderbetreuung: Effizienzpotenziale nutzen, Leistungen verbessern!," Policy Notes 44, EcoAustria – Institute for Economic Research.
  5. Zhiyang Jia & Thor O. Thoresen & Trine E. Vattø & Thor Olav Thoresen, 2024. "Explaining the Declining Labor Supply Responsiveness of Married Women," CESifo Working Paper Series 11176, CESifo.
  6. Bicakova, Alena & Kaliskova, Klara, 2022. "Is Longer Maternal Care Always Beneficial? The Impact of a Four-Year Paid Parental Leave," IZA Discussion Papers 15640, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  7. Mathias Huebener & Jonas Jessen & Daniel Kuehnle & Michael Oberfichtner, 2025. "Parental Leave, Worker Substitutability and Firms’ Employment," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 135(669), pages 1467-1495.
  8. Juan Pedro Eberhard & Javier Fernandez & Catalina Lauer, 2023. "Effects of maternity on labor outcomes and employment quality for women in Chile," Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1), pages 2232965-223, December.
  9. Meng, Lingsheng & Zhang, Yunbin & Zou, Ben, 2023. "The motherhood penalty in China: Magnitudes, trends, and the role of grandparenting," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 105-132.
  10. Brenøe, Anne Ardila & Krenk, Ursa & Steinhauer, Andreas & Zweimüller, Josef, 2025. "How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences?," IZA Discussion Papers 17845, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  11. Shen, Karen, 2024. "Who benefits from public financing of home-based long term care? Evidence from Medicaid," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
  12. repec:diw:diwwpp:dp2016 is not listed on IDEAS
  13. Gozde Corekcioglu & Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze, 2025. "Parental Leave from the Firm’s Perspective," CESifo Working Paper Series 11868, CESifo.
  14. Chuard, Caroline, 2023. "Negative effects of long parental leave on maternal health: Evidence from a substantial policy change in Austria," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  15. Dahl, Gordon & Loken, Katrine V., 2024. "Families, public policies, and the labor market," Handbook of Labor Economics,, Elsevier.
  16. Glogowsky, Ulrich & Hansen, Emanuel & Sachs, Dominik & Lüthen, Holger, 2025. "The evolution of child-related gender inequality in Germany and the role of family policies, 1960–2018," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
  17. Andrea Albanese & Adrián Nieto & Konstantinos Tatsiramos, 2022. "Job Location Decisions and the Effect of Children on the Employment Gender Gap," CESifo Working Paper Series 9792, CESifo.
  18. Lalive, Rafael, 2021. "Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility," CEPR Discussion Papers 16418, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  19. Achard, Pascal & Belot, Michèle & Chevalier, Arnaud, 2025. "When Parents Work from Home," IZA Discussion Papers 17957, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  20. Ria Ivandic & Anne Sophie Lassen, 2023. "Gender gaps from labor market shocks," CEP Discussion Papers dp1944, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  21. Malisa, Amedeus, 2024. "Grand-parenthood and retirement," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  22. Dominique Meurs & Pierre Pora, 2025. "Traditional Views, Egalitarian Views, and the Child Penalty: Insights from Immigrant Populations in France," Working Papers hal-04947430, HAL.
  23. Gørtz, Mette & Sander, Sarah & Sevilla, Almudena, 2025. "Does the child penalty strike twice?," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  24. Dmitry Arkhangelsky & Kazuharu Yanagimoto & Tom Zohar, 2025. "Using Event Studies as an Outcome in Causal Analysis," Working Papers wp2025_2503, CEMFI.
  25. Gørtz, Mette & Sander, Sarah & Sevilla, Almudena, 2023. "Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?," IZA Discussion Papers 16557, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  26. Estefanía Galván & Cecilia Parada & Martina Querejeta & Soledad Salvador, 2024. "Gender Gaps and Family Leaves in Latin America," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 387-414, June.
  27. Mathias Jensen & Abigail Adams & Barbara Petrongolo, 2024. "Birth Timing and Spacing: Implications for Parental Leave Dynamics and Child Penalties," Economics Series Working Papers 1048, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
  28. Huebener, Mathias & Jessen, Jonas & Kühnle, Daniel & Oberfichtner, Michael, 2021. "A Firm-Side Perspective on Parental Leave," IZA Discussion Papers 14478, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  29. Christine Mayrhuber & Hedwig Lutz & Ingrid Mairhuber, 2021. "Erwerbsaustritt, Pensionsantritt und Anhebung des Frauenpensionsantrittsalters ab 2024. Potentielle Auswirkungen auf Frauen, Branchen und Betriebe," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 67348, October.
  30. Lebedinski, Lara & Liedl, Bernd & Skirbekk, Vegard & Steiber, Nadia & Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf, 2025. "Faith and the Child Penalty: Religious Affiliation and Gendered Earnings Losses After Childbirth," IHS Working Paper Series 59, Institute for Advanced Studies.
  31. Meekes, Jordy & van Lent, Max, 2025. "The Impact of Neighbour, Colleague, and Family Peers on Parental Labour Supply," IZA Discussion Papers 18148, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  32. Bíró,Anikó & Elek,Péter & Daniel Prinz & Sándor,László, 2024. "Tax Evasion and the Contribution-Benefit Link: The Case of Maternity Benefits," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11003, The World Bank.
  33. Selina Gangl & Martin Huber, 2025. "From homemakers to breadwinners? How mandatory kindergarten affects maternal labour market outcomes," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 38(2), pages 1-23, June.
  34. Limor Hatsor & Ity Shurtz, 2025. "Breastfeeding and the return to work after childbirth of new mothers: Evidence from a baby formula scare," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(3), pages 943-963, June.
  35. Behringer, Jan & Gonzalez Granda, Martin & van Treeck, Till, 2022. "Varieties of the rat race: Working hours in the age of abundance," ifso working paper series 17, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Socioeconomics (ifso).
  36. Paige N. Park, 2022. "Occupational Attainment Among Parents in Germany and the US 2000–2016: The Role of Gender and Immigration Status," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(6), pages 2447-2492, December.
  37. Martina Querejeta Rabosto & Estefanía Galván & Cecilia Parada & Soledad Salvador, 2021. "Gender Gaps and Family Policies in Latin America," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4509, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
  38. Sara Rellstab, 2024. "Gender norms and the child penalty: evidence from the Dutch bible belt," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(45), pages 5428-5441, September.
  39. Gangl, Selina & Huber, Martin, 2021. "From homemakers to breadwinners? How mandatory kindergarten affects maternal labour market attachment," VfS Annual Conference 2019 (Leipzig): 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall - Democracy and Market Economy 203636, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, revised 2021.
  40. Pierre-Jean Messe & Jeremy Tanguy, 2022. "Does gender equality bargaining reduce child penalty? Evidence from France," TEPP Working Paper 2022-19, TEPP.
  41. Huber, Katrin & Rolvering, Geske, 2023. "Public Child Care and Mothers' Career Trajectories," IZA Discussion Papers 16433, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  42. Fitzenberger, Bernd & Seidlitz, Arnim, 2024. "Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform," IZA Discussion Papers 16966, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  43. Jessen, Jonas, 2022. "Culture, children and couple gender inequality," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
  44. Alicia Quinto & Laura Hospido & Carlos Sanz, 2021. "The child penalty: evidence from Spain," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 12(4), pages 585-606, December.
  45. Jack Blundell, 2021. "Wage responses to gender pay gap reporting requirements," CEP Discussion Papers dp1750, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  46. Alessandra Casarico & Salvatore Lattanzio, 2023. "Behind the child penalty: understanding what contributes to the labour market costs of motherhood," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(3), pages 1489-1511, July.
  47. Maria Coelho & Aieshwarya Davis & Alexander Klemm & Carolina Osorio-Buitron, 2024. "Gendered taxes: the interaction of tax policy with gender equality," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 31(5), pages 1413-1460, October.
  48. Dan Anderberg & Line Hjorth Andersen & N. Meltem Daysal & Mette Ejrnæs, 2025. "Parental leave and intimate partner violence," IFS Working Papers W25/43, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
  49. Simon Rabaté & Sara Rellstab, 2022. "What Determines the Child Penalty in the Netherlands? The Role of Policy and Norms," De Economist, Springer, vol. 170(2), pages 195-229, May.
  50. Dan Anderberg & Line Hjorth Andersen & N.Meltem Daysal & Mette Ejrnaes, 2025. "Parental Leave and Intimate Partner Violence," CEBI working paper series 25-12, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics. The Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI).
  51. Benny, Liza & Bhalotra, Sonia & Fernández, Manuel, 2021. "Occupation flexibility and the graduate gender wage gap in the UK," ISER Working Paper Series 2021-05, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
  52. Gruber, Jonathan & Kosonen, Tuomas & Huttunen, Kristiina, 2025. "Paying moms to stay home: Short and long run effects on parents and children," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
  53. Michela Bia & German Blanco & Marie Valentova, 2021. "The Causal Impact of Taking Parental Leave on Wages: Evidence from 2005 to 2015," LISER Working Paper Series 2021-08, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER).
  54. Ivandic, Ria & Lassen, Anne Sophie, 2023. "Gender gaps from labor market shocks," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 121285, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  55. Pilar Cuevas-Ruiz & Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & Sveva Manfredi & Almudena Sevilla, 2025. "A new model of parental time investments: A paradigm shift for addressing gender inequality in the labor market," CEP Discussion Papers dp2126, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  56. Biasi, Paola & De Paola, Maria & Gioia, Francesca, 2025. "When Mothers Out-Earn Fathers: Effects on Fathers' Decisions to Take Paternity and Parental Leave," IZA Discussion Papers 17601, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  57. Christina Siegert, 2021. "Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive," Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft - WuG, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik, vol. 47(4), pages 511-535.
  58. Boinet, Césarine & Norris, Jonathan & Romiti, Agnese & Shi, Zhan & Telemo, Paul, 2024. "Beliefs on Children's Human Capital Formation and Mothers at Work," IZA Discussion Papers 17574, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  59. Luis Guirola & Laura Hospido & Libertad González, 2024. "Fathers' Time-Use while on Paternity Leave: Childcare or Leisure?," Working Papers 1463, Barcelona School of Economics.
  60. Mara Barschkett & Laia Bosque-Mercader, 2023. "Building Health across Generations: Unraveling the Impact of Early Childcare on Maternal Health," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 2059, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  61. Ziegler, Lennart & Bamieh, Omar, 2023. "What Drives Paternity Leave: Financial Incentives or Flexibility?," IZA Discussion Papers 15890, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  62. Bamieh, Omar & Ziegler, Lennart, 2023. "Gender-age differences in hiring rates and prospective wages—Evidence from job referrals to unemployed workers," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  63. Fukai, Taiyo & Kondo, Ayako, 2024. "Access to Formal Childcare for Toddlers and Parental Employment and Earnings," IZA Discussion Papers 16880, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  64. Gordon Dahl & Katrine Loken, 2024. "Families, Public Policies, and the Labor Market," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 2423, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  65. Eva Österbacka & Tapio Räsänen, 2025. "The Importance of Self-Selection and Childcare Leave Length for Child Penalty," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 41(1), pages 1-31, December.
  66. Abdurazzakova,Dilnovoz & Chiyu Niu & Avralt-Od Purevjav, 2025. "Working for Yourself or for Your Kids ? Childcare Expansion Policy in Uzbekistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11038, The World Bank.
  67. Tanya Byker & Elena Patel & Shanthi Ramnath, 2023. "Who Cares? Paid Sick Leave Mandates, Care-Giving, and Gender," Working Paper Series WP 2023-14, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
  68. Hélène Périvier & Gregory Verdugo, 2021. "Can parental leave be shared?," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-03364048, HAL.
  69. Ivandić, Ria & Lassen, Anne Sophie, 2023. "Gender gaps from labor market shocks," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119948, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  70. Ziegler, Lennart & Bamieh, Omar, 2023. "Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment?," IZA Discussion Papers 16172, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  71. Gulia Bovini & Marta De Philippis & Lucia Rizzica, 2024. "The origins of the gender pay gap: education and job characteristics," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1470, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  72. Dan Anderberg & Line Hjorth Andersen & N. Meltem Daysal & Mette Ejrnæs, 2025. "Parental Leave and Intimate Partner Violence," CESifo Working Paper Series 12189, CESifo.
  73. Ivandić, Ria & Lassen, Anne Sophie, 2023. "Gender gaps from labor market shocks," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  74. Wei Si, 2022. "Higher education expansion and gender norms: evidence from China," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(4), pages 1821-1858, October.
  75. Blundell, Jack, 2021. "Wage responses to gender pay gap reporting requirements," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 114416, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  76. Marchionni, Mariana & Pedrazzi, Julián, 2025. "The last hurdle? Unyielding motherhood effects in the context of declining gender inequality in Latin America," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
  77. Shen, Yu & Qie, Xueting & Bi, Qingmiao, 2024. "Maternity leave reform and women's labor supply: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  78. Chen, Maggie Xiaoyang & Ebadi, Ebad, 2026. "Good from Far, Far from Good: The impacts of the 2016 female labor reform in Iran," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
  79. Luis Guirola & María Sánchez-Domínguez, 2022. "Childcare constraints on immigrant integration," Working Papers 2216, Banco de España.
  80. René Böheim & David Pichler, 2025. "Earnings volatility in Austria," Economics working papers 2025-04, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
  81. Girsberger, Esther Mirjam & Hassani-Nezhad, Lena & Karunanethy, Kalaivani & Lalive, Rafael, 2023. "Mothers at work: How mandating a short maternity leave affects work and fertility," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  82. Cervini, Maria & Silva, José I., 2023. "Childcare restrictions and gender gap in labor outcomes," MPRA Paper 118957, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  83. Pora, Pierre, 2025. "The supply of nursing labor in French hospitals: Outflows, part-time work and motherhood," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
  84. Enrico Rubolino, 2022. "Taxing the Gender Gap: Labor Market Effects of a Payroll Tax Cut for Women in Italy," Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du Département d'économie 22.01, Université de Lausanne, Faculté des HEC, Département d’économie.
  85. Lidia Farré & Cristina Felfe & Libertad González Luna & Patrick Schneider, 2022. "Changing gender norms across generations: Evidence from a paternity leave reform," Economics Working Papers 1812, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
  86. Inés Berniell & Lucila Berniell & Dolores de la Mata & María Edo & Yarine Fawaz & Matilde P. Machado & Mariana Marchionni, 2025. "Motherhood and the allocation of talent," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(44), pages 7073-7089, September.
  87. Barschkett, M.; & Bosque-Mercader, L.;, 2024. "Building Health across Generations: Childbirth, Childcare and Maternal Health," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 24/08, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
  88. Henrik Kleven & Camille Landais & Jakob Egholt Søgaard, 2021. "Does Biology Drive Child Penalties? Evidence from Biological and Adoptive Families," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 3(2), pages 183-198, June.
  89. Ana Costa-Ramón & Ursina Schaede & Michaela Slotwinski & Anne Ardila Brenøe, 2024. "(Not) thinking about the future: inattention and maternal labor supply," ECON - Working Papers 452, Department of Economics - University of Zurich.
  90. Bogusz, Honorata, 2024. "Task content of jobs and mothers’ employment transitions in Germany," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 58, pages 1-25.
  91. Meriküll, Jaanika & Tverdostup, Maryna, 2023. "The gap that survived the transition: The gender wage gap in Estonia over three decades," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 47(3).
  92. Hannah Illing & Hanna Schwank & Linh T. Tô, 2024. "Hiring and the Dynamics of the Gender Gap," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 339, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
  93. Cai, Jun & Zhao, Kui, 2024. "Uniform agricultural tax abolition and differential household labor supply: Evidence from China's urban household survey," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
  94. Heather Sarsons, 2024. "How the other half works: Claudia Goldin's contributions to our understanding of women's labour market outcomes," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 126(3), pages 419-439, July.
  95. Anne Brenoe & Ursa Krenk & Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimueller, 2025. "How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences?," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 2514, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  96. Baertsch, Laurenz & Sandner, Malte, 2025. "Reducing the child penalty by incentivizing maternal part-time work?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  97. Nora Bearth, 2024. "Beyond Baby Blues: The Child Penalty in Mental Health in Switzerland," Papers 2410.20861, arXiv.org, revised May 2025.
  98. Kleven, Henrik, 2024. "The EITC and the extensive margin: A reappraisal," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
  99. Claudia Hupkau & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2022. "Work and children in Spain: challenges and opportunities for equality between men and women," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 243-268, May.
  100. Gan, Renren & Jongen, Egbert L. W. & Rabaté, Simon & Terpstra, Bo, 2025. "The Evolution of the Child Penalty and Gender-Related Inequality in the Netherlands, 1989–2022," IZA Discussion Papers 18158, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  101. Simon Rabaté & Externe auteur: Sara Rellstab, 2021. "The Child Penalty in the Netherlands and its Determinants," CPB Discussion Paper 424, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
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