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Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China’s Civil Examination System

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Cited by:

  1. James Alm & Weizheng Lai & Xun Li, 2022. "Housing market regulations and strategic divorce propensity in China," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(3), pages 1103-1131, July.
  2. Wang, Jun & Ang, James B., 2024. "Epidemics, disease control, and China’s long-term development," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(1), pages 93-112.
  3. Chen Feng & Yao Zhang & Renjie Zhao & Xiaolu Zhao, 2024. "Mineral extraction and long‐term human capital accumulation," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 190-215, February.
  4. Zhang, Lin, 2022. "Patrilineality, fertility, and women's income: Evidence from family lineage in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  5. Liu, Yiwei & Guo, Qiuyue & Su, Yuting & Ren, Zhenglian, 2023. "Gender differences in happiness in Chinese society: The role of parental preference for sons over daughters," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
  6. Cheng, Maoyong & Meng, Yu & Zhang, Muyang, 2024. "Blessing or bane: The absence of a leader, political selection, and economic growth," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  7. Weiwei Xiao & Xing Yi & Yuqing Zhong & Xiuxiu Yin, 2025. "Commercial Social Capital and Social Conflict: Historical Evidence From China," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 46(4), pages 2413-2430, June.
  8. Zhang, Zheyuan & Zhao, Zhong, 2023. "Women's education and fertility in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  9. Tien Manh Vu & Hiroyuki Yamada, 2020. "Persistent legacy of the 1075-1919 Vietnamese imperial examinations in contemporary quantity and quality of education," Keio-IES Discussion Paper Series 2020-012, Institute for Economics Studies, Keio University.
  10. Wang, Ziyue & Yuan, Zhizhu, 2024. "Employee education level and the cost of equity capital," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PA).
  11. Xixiong Xu & Maochuan Wang, 2024. "Confucianism and employee treatment: Evidence from China," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(4), pages 2649-2669, July.
  12. Du, Shuaishuai & He, Shijun & Huang, Guitian & Kong, Dongmin, 2024. "Financial development and money market integration in Qing China, 1800–1911," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
  13. Bo, Shiyu & Deng, Liuchun & Sun, Yufeng & Wang, Boqun, 2021. "Intergovernmental communication under decentralization," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 606-652.
  14. Qin Yuan & Ruiqi Wang & Huanchen Tang & Xin Ma & Xinyue Zeng, 2024. "A study on the potential of higher education in reducing carbon intensity," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(11), pages 1-21, November.
  15. Diana Moreira & Santiago Pérez, 2022. "Who Benefits from Meritocracy?," NBER Working Papers 30113, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  16. Xia, Xiaoxue & Xiao, Yao, 2023. "Firm-level perception of competition and innovation: Textual evidence from China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  17. Sascha O. Becker & Jared Rubin & Ludger Woessmann, 2024. "Religion and Growth," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 62(3), pages 1094-1142, September.
  18. Martina Cioni & Giovanni Federico & Michelangelo Vasta, 2022. "Correction to: Persistence studies: a new kind of economic history?," Review of Regional Research: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, Springer;Gesellschaft für Regionalforschung (GfR), vol. 42(3), pages 309-309, December.
  19. Logan (Geng) Li & Zhengwei Wang, 2022. "Understanding the long‐term effects of Keju: The case of entrepreneurship in China," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 665-689, October.
  20. Shigang Li & Kexin She & Li Zhang, 2024. "Bureaucratic Culture and Innovation," China & World Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 32(3), pages 31-66, May.
  21. Jiang, Weijie & Yu, Hui, 2025. "Confucian culture and corporate innovation," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
  22. Hu, Sijie, 2025. "Celebrating legacy: The intergenerational transmission of reproduction and human capital in Ming-Qing Chinese families," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1572, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
  23. Wang, Xiaoyu & Long, Zhineng & Zhao, Xiangfang, 2024. "Merchant guild culture and cash holdings: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
  24. Bo, Shiyu & Chen, Ting & Liu, Cong, 2022. "Trade shocks, industrial growth, and electrification in early 20th-century China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 732-749.
  25. Noam Yuchtman, 2025. "Universities and the Contested Creation of the Elite," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 93(5), pages 427-433, September.
  26. Sun, Yucheng & Li, Jiaolong & Shen, Xiuheng & Pan, Zhewen, 2025. "Early-life access to primary healthcare and educational attainment: Evidence from community health centers in China," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 380(C).
  27. Vu, Tien Manh & Yamada, Hiroyuki, 2023. "Legacies of Vietnam's imperial examinations, 1075–1919: More investment in education and better educational outcomes," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 2-14.
  28. Zhang, Yan & Wang, Xiaoyang & Zhang, Wenwen, 2025. "The impacts of clan culture on private investment: Financing substitution and human capital accumulation," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  29. Lai, Weizheng, 2024. "The effect of education on voter turnout in China's rural elections," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 230-247.
  30. Vu Tien Manh & Yamada Hiroyuki, 2022. "Birthplace Favoritism and Quality of Education," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 22(1), pages 193-201, January.
  31. Haiwen Zhou, 2026. "Institutionalisation and Institutional Evolution: A Model of Selecting Government Officials in Ancient China," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(2), pages 359-367, April.
  32. Li, Minglai & Li, Cong & Li, Qiang, 2025. "From tradition to transition: The effect of clan culture on energy poverty," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
  33. Feng, Chen & Bai, Caiquan & Kang, Yankun, 2023. "Historical social capital and contemporary private investment choices," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  34. Jianyong Fan & Jian Huang & John G. Sessions & Jingjing Ye, 2023. "Local education expenditures and educational inequality in China," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 91(4), pages 283-305, July.
  35. Zulong Su & Renai Jiang & Shenghao Yang & Dongmei Li & Gary H. Jefferson, 2025. "Inventors- gender diversity promoting patent transfer: evidence from China," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 2106-2134, October.
  36. Johannes C. Buggle & Steven Nafziger, 2021. "The Slow Road from Serfdom: Labor Coercion and Long-Run Development in the Former Russian Empire," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 103(1), pages 1-17, March.
  37. Fu, Tong & Yang, Yang & Zhang, Hongru & Mao, Zhenxing (Eddie), 2023. "Risk culture as a blessing in tourism development: Long-run effects of epidemic disasters," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
  38. Jianan Huang & Cong Cao & Hong Liu, 2026. "Indigenization and inclusion in Chinese academia," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 10(3), pages 492-504, March.
  39. Cai, Yang & Zhu, Jiong, 2024. "Cooperative culture and the birth of modern enterprises in China: Evidence from the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
  40. Shuo Chen & Xinyu Fan & Luc Renneboog & Yanfei Yin, 2026. "Masters of Masterpieces: Social Mobility and Elites’ Art Ownership Dynamics," ACEI Working Paper Series AWP-03-2026, Association for Cultural Economics International.
  41. Zhang, Shengwu & Han, Liyan, 2026. "Low-altitude infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from general aviation airports," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
  42. Zixuan Yang & Huang Yu & Jingqiu Zhang, 2025. "New Energy Policies and Informal Cultural Norms Promoting Carbon Equity in Chinese Cities: Synergistic Effects and Regional Heterogeneity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-23, May.
  43. Deng, Jiapin & Liu, Qiao & Yan, Se, 2025. "Fostering social capital: The long-term effects of Protestant activities on corporate tax avoidance in modern China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
  44. Anastasia Litina & Èric Roca Fernández, 2020. "Celestial enlightenment: eclipses, curiosity and economic development among pre-modern ethnic groups [Working Papers / Documents de travail]," Working Papers halshs-03044843, HAL.
  45. Shi, Xiangyu, 2025. "A new historical narrative for “Needham Puzzle” and the modern Chinese growth miracle: The perspective of keju," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
  46. Yu, Lu & Wu, Shuang & Jiang, Lu & Ding, Bowenpeng & Shi, Xiaonan, 2022. "Do more efficient buildings lead to lower household energy consumption for cooling? Evidence from Guangzhou, China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
  47. Zhang, Yuan & Sun, Shiyi, 2024. "Gender imbalance, wife’s bargain power and shrinking household size in Rural China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  48. Ning Zhang & Lan Bo & Shulin Wang & Xuanqiao Wang, 2025. "Exploring Confucian Culture’s Impact on Corporate Debt Default Risk: An Ethical Decision-Making Approach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 198(2), pages 467-484, May.
  49. Yanna Ma & Zhanli Ma & Moqin Yang, 2022. "Does Adult Children’s Education Increase Parents’ Longevity in China?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-15, November.
  50. Yu Zhang & Wenqi Zhang & Bowen Cheng, 2024. "The curse of spanning over millennium: Confucian culture and corruption in China," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(2), pages 473-500, April.
  51. Dong, Jing & Xu, Wanyu & Cha, Jun, 2021. "Rural entrepreneurship and job creation: the hybrid identity of village-cadre-entrepreneurs," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
  52. Yongjun Tang & Jun Zhu & Wenchao Ma & Mengxue Zhao, 2022. "A Study on the Impact of Institutional Pressure on Carbon Information Disclosure: The Mediating Effect of Enterprise Peer Influence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-23, March.
  53. Zha, Fangjing & Zhou, Di, 2025. "The long-term effect of television on children's human capital development in China," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
  54. Guo, Lin & Zhu, Huzhou & Zhang, Chunyuan & Liu, Ying & Yang, Chunxiao, 2024. "Does improved credit access promote pollution reduction? The role of bank proximity," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 78-97.
  55. Belguise, Margot & Huang, Yuchen & Mo, Zhexun, 2023. "Non-Meritocrats or Choice-Reluctant Meritocrats? A Redistribution Experiment in China and France," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1476, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
  56. Xinyu Fan & Lingwei Wu, 2023. "The Shaping Of A Gender Norm: Marriage, Labor, And Foot‐Binding In Historical China," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 64(4), pages 1819-1850, November.
  57. Jinchao Wang & Changfu Luo, 2022. "Social Mobility and Firms’ Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-19, November.
  58. Qian, Ruoyu, 2024. "Communist propaganda and women’s status," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
  59. Liu, Feifei & He, Xinming & Wang, Tao, 2023. "In the name of the family: The effect of CEO clan culture background on firm internationalization," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  60. Zhang, Kexin, 2023. "The long-term impact of higher education: Evidence from the Gaokao reinstatement in China," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  61. Kong, Xiaoran & Zhang, Xueying & Yan, Cheng & Ho, Kung-Cheng, 2022. "China's historical imperial examination system and corporate social responsibility," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  62. Fang, Ming & Lai, Weizheng & Xia, Congling, 2025. "Anti-corruption and political trust: Evidence from China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
  63. Si, Ruichao, 2021. "Unexpected pressure? The effect of a curriculum reform on household educational investments and student outcomes," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 730-746.
  64. Xie, Jian & Yuan, Song, 2025. "The cultural origins of family firms," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 1-24.
  65. Carol H. Shiue & Wolfgang Keller, 2024. "Elite Strategies for Big Shocks: The Case of the Fall of the Ming," NBER Working Papers 33121, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  66. Huang, Liangxiong & Ma, Minghui & Wang, Xianbin, 2022. "Clan culture and risk-taking of Chinese enterprises," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  67. Kong, Xiaoran & Xu, Siping & Liu, Ming-Yu & Ho, Kung-Cheng, 2023. "Confucianism and D&O insurance demand of Chinese listed companies," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  68. Ding, Zhiguo & Kei, Brian C.W. & Kwok, Wing Chun & Lin, Qiqing & Wong, George, 2025. "Latent corporate governance: The impact of Confucianism on the value of cash holdings," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
  69. Carol H. Shiue & Wolfgang Keller, 2025. "People versus Places: Elite Persistence after the Fall of the Ming," NBER Working Papers 34451, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  70. Bowen Li & Cai Zhou & Ji Luo, 2022. "Way of love and after‐marriage well‐being: Evidence from China," International Studies of Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(3), pages 394-410, September.
  71. Goodell, John W. & Li, Mingsheng & Liu, Desheng & Wang, Yizhen, 2024. "Aligning empirical evidence on ESG with ancient conservative traditions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
  72. Margot Belguise & Yuchen Huang & Zhexun Mo, 2023. "The Non-Meritocrats or Conformist Meritocrats? A Redistribution Experiment in China and France," World Inequality Lab Working Papers halshs-04423661, HAL.
  73. Sijie Hu, 2025. "Evolutionary advantage of moderate fertility during Ming–Qing China: a unified growth perspective," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 30(4), pages 497-519, December.
  74. Chen, Zhiwu & Lin, Zhan & Zhang, Xiaoming, 2024. "Hedging desperation: How kinship networks reduced cannibalism in historical China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 361-382.
  75. Huang, Feng & Ye, Haichun & Zhang, Jing, 2025. "Off the books, away from the market: Clan culture and female labor force participation," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
  76. Vu, Manh Tien & Yamada, Hiroyuki, 2020. "The persisting legacies of imperial elites among contemporary top-ranked Vietnamese politicians," AGI Working Paper Series 2020-13, Asian Growth Research Institute.
  77. Dong, Baomin & Zhang, Yu, 2024. "Confucianism and science," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  78. Chen, Yuanyuan & Yuan, Meng & Zhang, Min, 2023. "Income inequality and educational expenditures on children: Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  79. Shaoda Wang & Boxiao Zhang, 2023. "Buddha's grace illuminates all: Temple destruction, school construction and modernization in 20th century China," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 90(360), pages 1335-1361, October.
  80. Li Hao & Nan Sun, 2025. "The Impact of the City-Level Intergenerational Mobility on Health: Evidence from China," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 44(2), pages 1-26, April.
  81. Wang, Jinchao & Luo, Changfu & Dong, Yanfang & Guo, Chu-yu, 2024. "Does intergenerational mobility affect corporate innovation? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing enterprises," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 526-538.
  82. Zhong, Xi & She, Jianquan & Wu, Xiaojie, 2024. "Tech for social good: Artificial intelligence and workplace safety," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  83. Cao, Jiarui & Xu, Yiqing & Zhang, Chuanchuan, 2022. "Clans and calamity: How social capital saved lives during China's Great Famine," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  84. Ding, Congming & Chen, Zhiyuan & Ma, Qiucen, 2025. "Traditional clans and environmental governance: Evidence from China," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
  85. Margot Belguise & Yuchen Huang & Zhexun Mo, 2024. "Non-meritocrats or choice-reluctant meritocrats? A redistribution experiment in China and France," Discussion Papers 2024-05, Nottingham Interdisciplinary Centre for Economic and Political Research (NICEP).
  86. Zhu, Junbing, 2024. "Confucian culture, public education expenditure, and economic growth," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  87. Yingwen Deng & Yongliang Wu & Changli Zeng & Min Zhang, 2024. "The impact of Confucianism on auditor judgment," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(1-2), pages 398-430, January.
  88. Fan, Haichao & Hu, Xingcun & Lin, Faqin & Liu, Mengxun, 2025. "Cultural origin and international trade," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
  89. Qiao Jin & Wanying Tian & Zhida Jin, 2025. "Digital empowerment and trade-embodied carbon intensity: insights from value-added decomposition in services," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-10, December.
  90. Berkowitz, Daniel & Nishioka, Shuichiro, 2024. "The growth of firms, markets and rents: Evidence from China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 383-399.
  91. Hoang, Trung Xuan & Nguyen, Cuong Viet, 2025. "The long-lasting effect of feudal human capital: Insights from Vietnam," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
  92. Izumi, Yutaro & Park, Sangyoon & Yang, Hyunjoo, 2023. "The effects of South Korean Protestantism on human capital and female empowerment, 1930–2010," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 422-438.
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