IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/vfsc19/203522.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Types of FDI and determinants of affiliate size: the classification makes the difference

Author

Listed:
  • Moritz, Michael
  • Hecht, Veronika
  • Noska, Patricia
  • Schäffler, Johannes

Abstract

This paper focuses on the role of classifying types of foreign direct investment (FDI) for analyzing the determinants of cross-border investment relationships. We base our investigation on a newly established firm-level data set of German multinational firms and their affiliates in the Czech Republic that allows various categorizations into vertical foreign direct investment (VFDI) and horizontal foreign direct investment (HFDI). Apart from data for conventional approaches to classify FDI types, the surveyed information contained herein also includes a detailed selfassessment of the firms with respect to investment motives, and specifications on intra-firm trade and the flow of intermediate inputs. In order to correct for sample selection, we apply a two-step Heckman procedure by comparing multinational firms that have an affiliate in the Czech Republic to companies without investment abroad. The results for the direct measures of FDI types confirm theoretical expectations and previous empirical literature and stand in marked contrast to the outcome for indirect measurement concepts. Our finding leads us to the conclusion that one should be more cautious in interpreting differences between vertical and horizontal FDI when using approximative classification concepts.

Suggested Citation

  • Moritz, Michael & Hecht, Veronika & Noska, Patricia & Schäffler, Johannes, 2019. "Types of FDI and determinants of affiliate size: the classification makes the difference," VfS Annual Conference 2019 (Leipzig): 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall - Democracy and Market Economy 203522, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:vfsc19:203522
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/203522/1/VfS-2019-pid-26753.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Holger Görg & Henning Mühlen & Peter Nunnenkamp, 2010. "Firm Heterogeneity, Industry Characteristics and Types of FDI: The Case of German FDI in the Czech Republic," Aussenwirtschaft, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied Economics Research, vol. 65(3), pages 273-295, September.
    2. James R. Markusen, 2004. "Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262633078, April.
    3. Grossman, Gene M. & Helpman, Elhanan & Szeidl, Adam, 2006. "Optimal integration strategies for the multinational firm," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 216-238, September.
    4. O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), 2011. "Handbook of Labor Economics," Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 4, number 4.
    5. O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), 2011. "Handbook of Labor Economics," Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 4, number 5.
    6. James R. MARKUSEN, 2021. "Multinationals, Multi-Plant Economies, And The Gains From Trade," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: BROADENING TRADE THEORY Incorporating Market Realities into Traditional Models, chapter 1, pages 3-24, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    7. Zouheir El-Sahli & Joakim Gullstrand & Karin Olofsdotter, 2018. "Exploring outward FDI and the choice of destination: evidence from Swedish firm-level data," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(17), pages 1222-1225, October.
    8. Marin, Dalia, 2004. "'A Nation of Poets and Thinkers' - Less So with Eastern Enlargement? Austria and Germany," Discussion Papers in Economics 329, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    9. Claudia M. Buch & Jörn Kleinert & Alexander Lipponer & Farid Toubal & Richard Baldwin, 2005. "Determinants and effects of foreign direct investment: evidence from German firm-level data [‘Estimating the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise: comment on Carr, David L.’]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 20(41), pages 52-110.
    10. Laura Alfaro & Andrew Charlton, 2009. "Intra-industry Foreign Direct Investment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(5), pages 2096-2119, December.
    11. Schäffler, Johannes & Hecht, Veronika & Moritz, Michael, 2014. "Regional determinants of German FDI in the Czech Republic : evidence from a gravity model approach," IAB-Discussion Paper 201403, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    12. Marin, Dalia, 2004. "‘A Nation of Poets and Thinkers’ - Less So with Eastern Enlargement? Austria and Germany," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 77, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
    13. Elhanan Helpman & Marc J. Melitz & Stephen R. Yeaple, 2004. "Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(1), pages 300-316, March.
    14. Hecht, Veronika & Litzel, Nicole & Schäffler, Johannes, 2013. "The ReLOC project : method report for implementing a cross-border company survey in Germany and the Czech Republic," IAB-Forschungsbericht 201304, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    15. Engel, Dirk & Procher, Vivien & Schmidt, Christoph M., 2013. "Does firm heterogeneity affect foreign market entry and exit symmetrically? Empirical evidence for French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 35-47.
    16. Johannes Schäffler & Veronika Hecht & Michael Moritz, 2017. "Regional determinants of German FDI in the Czech Republic: new evidence on the role of border regions," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(9), pages 1399-1411, September.
    17. Jens M. Arnold & Katrin Hussinger, 2010. "Exports versus FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(4), pages 595-606, September.
    18. Horst Raff & Michael J. Ryan, 2008. "Firm-Specific Characteristics and the Timing of Foreign Direct Investment Projects," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 144(1), pages 1-31, April.
    19. Maarten Goos & Alan Manning & Anna Salomons, 2014. "Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(8), pages 2509-2526, August.
    20. Aw, Bee Yan & Lee, Yi, 2008. "Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Taiwanese multinationals," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(2), pages 403-415, December.
    21. Pflüger Michael & Blien Uwe & Möller Joachim & Moritz Michael, 2013. "Labor Market Effects of Trade and FDI – Recent Advances and Research Gaps," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 233(1), pages 86-116, February.
    22. Paul Krugman, 1995. "Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 26(1, 25th A), pages 327-377.
    23. Henning Mühlen & Peter Nunnenkamp, 2011. "FDI by early movers, followers and latecomers: timing of entry by German firms during transition in the Czech Republic," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(18), pages 1729-1734, December.
    24. Head, Keith & Ries, John, 2003. "Heterogeneity and the FDI versus export decision of Japanese manufacturers," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 448-467, December.
    25. Fukunari Kimura & Kozo Kiyota, 2006. "Exports, FDI, and Productivity: Dynamic Evidence from Japanese Firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 142(4), pages 695-719, December.
    26. Ryuhei Wakasugi & Ayumu Tanaka, 2012. "Productivity Heterogeneity and Internationalization: Evidence from Japanese Firms," Millennial Asia, , vol. 3(1), pages 45-70, January.
    27. Acemoglu, Daron & Autor, David, 2011. "Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings," Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 12, pages 1043-1171, Elsevier.
    28. Hea-Jung Hyun & Jung Hur, 2013. "Who goes where and how? Firm and country characteristics in the choice of FDI type and location," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 27(2), pages 144-158, November.
    29. Michael Moritz & Bastian Stockinger & Merlind Trepesch, . "Multinational Resilience or Dispensable Jobs? German FDI and Employment in the Czech Republic Around the Great Recession," Prague Economic Papers, University of Economics, Prague, vol. 0, pages 1-15.
    30. Hecht, Veronika & Hohmeyer, Katrin & Litzel, Nicole & Moritz, Michael & Müller, Jo-Ann & Phan thi Hong, Van & Schäffler, Johannes, 2013. "Motive, Strukturen und Auswirkungen deutscher Direktinvestitionen in Tschechien : erste Untersuchungsergebnisse aus dem IAB-Projekt ReLOC - Research on Locational and Organisational Change," IAB-Forschungsbericht 201301, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    31. Giulio Cainelli & Eleonora Di Maria & Roberto Ganau, 2014. "An Explanation of Firms' Internationalisation Modes, Blending Firm Heterogeneity and Spatial Agglomeration: Microevidence from Italy," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 46(4), pages 943-962, April.
    32. Daniel Münich & Martin Srholec & Michael Moritz & Johannes Schäffler, 2014. "Mothers and Daughters: Heterogeneity of German Direct Investments in the Czech Republic," Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2014(1), pages 42-62.
    33. David Powell & Joachim Wagner, 2021. "The Exporter Productivity Premium Along the Productivity Distribution: Evidence from Quantile Regression with Nonadditive Firm Fixed Effects," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Joachim Wagner (ed.), MICROECONOMETRIC STUDIES OF FIRMS’ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS Advanced Methods of Analysis and Evidence from German Enterprises, chapter 9, pages 121-149, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    34. Tomiura, Eiichi, 2007. "Foreign outsourcing, exporting, and FDI: A productivity comparison at the firm level," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 113-127, May.
    35. Aw, Bee Yan & Lee, Yi, 2008. "Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Taiwanese multinationals," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(1), pages 167-179, May.
    36. Marc J. Melitz, 2003. "The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(6), pages 1695-1725, November.
    37. Hur , Jung & Lee , Jiwon & Hyun , Hea-Jung, 2013. "Correlation between Sales of Foreign Affiliates and Productivity of Multinational Firms: Evidence from Korean Firm-Level Data," East Asian Economic Review, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, vol. 17(3), pages 261-279, September.
    38. Madsen, Tage Koed & Servais, Per, 1997. "The internationalization of Born Globals: An evolutionary process?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 6(6), pages 561-583, December.
    39. Heckman, James, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    40. Michael Moritz & Bastian Stockinger & Merlind Trepesch, 2017. "Multinational Resilience or Dispensable Jobs? German FDI and Employment in the Czech Republic Around the Great Recession," Prague Economic Papers, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2017(3), pages 345-359.
    41. Vernon, Raymond, 1979. "The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 41(4), pages 255-267, November.
    42. Helpman, Elhanan, 1984. "A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 92(3), pages 451-471, June.
    43. Kazunobu Hayakawa & Toshiyuki Matsuura, 2015. "Trade liberalization in Asia and FDI strategies in heterogeneous firms: evidence from Japanese firm-level data," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 67(2), pages 494-513.
    44. Veronika Hecht, 2017. "Location choice of German multinationals in the Czech Republic," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 25(4), pages 593-623, October.
    45. Yeaple, Stephen Ross, 2009. "Firm heterogeneity and the structure of U.S. multinational activity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(2), pages 206-215, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ahn, JaeBin & Park, Jee-Hyeong, 2022. "Identifying FDI types: Watch what they do, not what they say or look like," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    2. Konstantin Koerner & Michael Moritz & Johannes Schäffler, 2022. "Foreign direct investment and onshore employment dynamics: Evidence from German firms with affiliates in the Czech Republic," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(6), pages 1773-1829, June.
    3. Konstantin Koerner & Mathilde Le Moigne, 2023. "FDI and onshore task composition: evidence from German firms with affiliates in the Czech Republic," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 57(1), pages 1-42, December.
    4. Niklas Becker & Andrzej Cieślik, 2020. "Determinants of German Direct Investment in CEE Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-17, November.
    5. Grass, Karen & Weber, Enzo, 2016. "EU 4.0 - Die Debatte zu Digitalisierung und Arbeitsmarkt in Europa," IAB-Discussion Paper 201639, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    6. O. K. Adeleke, 2023. "FDI inflows and stock market development in Nigeria," Journal of Economic Policy and Management Issues, JEPMI, vol. 2(2), pages 19-30.
    7. repec:iab:iabdpa:201639(en is not listed on IDEAS

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Schäffler, Johannes & Moritz, Michael, 2018. "German FDI in the Czech Republic - Employment effects in the home country," IAB-Discussion Paper 201806, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    2. Schäffler, Johannes, 2016. "German Direct Investments in the Czech Republic – Employment Effects on German Multinational Enterprises," VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change 145526, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    3. Onur A. Koska & Ngo Van Long & Frank Stähler, 2018. "Foreign direct investment as a signal," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 60-83, February.
    4. Schäffler, Johannes & Hecht, Veronika & Moritz, Michael, 2014. "Regional determinants of German FDI in the Czech Republic : evidence from a gravity model approach," IAB-Discussion Paper 201403, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    5. Hecht, Veronika, 2015. "Location choice of German multinationals in the Czech Republic : the importance of agglomeration economies," IAB-Discussion Paper 201519, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    6. repec:wsr:wpaper:y:2015:i:159 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Marti, Josep & Alguacil, Maite & Orts, Vicente, 2015. "Firm Heterogeneity and Location Choice of European Multinationals," MPRA Paper 62596, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Shawn Arita & Kiyoyasu Tanaka, 2014. "Heterogeneous multinational firms and productivity gains from falling FDI barriers," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 150(1), pages 83-113, February.
    9. Dilek Demirbas & Ila Patnaik & Ajay Shah, 2013. "Graduating to globalisation: a study of Southern multinationals," Indian Growth and Development Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 6(2), pages 242-259, November.
    10. Naoto Jinji & Xingyuan Zhang & Shoji Haruna, 2022. "Deep Integration, Global Firms, and Technology Spillovers," Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, Springer, number 978-981-16-5210-3, June.
    11. Antrà s, Pol & Yeaple, Stephen R., 2014. "Multinational Firms and the Structure of International Trade," Handbook of International Economics, in: Gopinath, G. & Helpman, . & Rogoff, K. (ed.), Handbook of International Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 0, pages 55-130, Elsevier.
    12. Shao, Yanmin & Shang, Yan, 2016. "Decisions of OFDI Engagement and Location for Heterogeneous Multinational firms: Evidence from Chinese firms," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 178-187.
    13. Alessandro Borin & Michele Mancini, 2016. "Foreign direct investment and firm performance: an empirical analysis of Italian firms," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 152(4), pages 705-732, November.
    14. Okubo, Toshihiro & Watabe, Yuta, 2023. "Networked FDI and third-country intra-firm trade," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 591-606.
    15. Mainer-Casado, Carolina & Fariñas, José Carlos & Moreno, Lourdes, 2018. "The Scope, Scale and Locational Preferences of Spanish Multinationals," MPRA Paper 85766, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Gattai, Valeria & Natale, Piergiovanna & Rossi, Francesca, 2023. "Board diversity and outward FDI: Evidence from europe," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    17. Konstantin Koerner & Michael Moritz & Johannes Schäffler, 2022. "Foreign direct investment and onshore employment dynamics: Evidence from German firms with affiliates in the Czech Republic," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(6), pages 1773-1829, June.
    18. Onur A. Koska, 2020. "Sourcing product quality for foreign market entry," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 156(3), pages 669-702, August.
    19. Veronika Hecht, 2017. "Location choice of German multinationals in the Czech Republic," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 25(4), pages 593-623, October.
    20. Dierk Herzer, 2010. "The Long-Run Relationship between Outward FDI and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence for Developing Countries," Ibero America Institute for Econ. Research (IAI) Discussion Papers 199, Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research.
    21. Elhanan Helpman, 2014. "Foreign Trade and Investment: Firm-level Perspectives," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 81(321), pages 1-14, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    multinational firm; firm heterogeneity; productivity; vertical FDI; horizontal FDI; employment;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:vfsc19:203522. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfsocea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.