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Average and marginal returns to upper secondary schooling in Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Pedro Carneiro

    (Institute for Fiscal Studies and University College London)

  • Michael Lokshin

    (Institute for Fiscal Studies)

  • Cristobal Ridao-Cano

    (Institute for Fiscal Studies)

  • Nithin Umapathi

    (Institute for Fiscal Studies and World Bank)

Abstract

This paper estimates average and marginal returns to schooling in Indonesia using a non-parametric selection model. Identification of the model is given by exogenous geographic variation in access to upper secondary schools. We find that the return to upper secondary schooling varies widely across individuals: it can be as high as 50 percent per year of schooling for those very likely to enroll in upper secondary schooling, or as low as -10 percent for those very unlikely to do so. Average returns for the student at the margin are well below those for the average student attending upper secondary schooling.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro Carneiro & Michael Lokshin & Cristobal Ridao-Cano & Nithin Umapathi, 2011. "Average and marginal returns to upper secondary schooling in Indonesia," CeMMAP working papers CWP36/11, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:ifs:cemmap:36/11
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    JEL classification:

    • J2 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor
    • J3 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

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