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Masculinity Around the World

Author

Listed:
  • Ralph De Haas
  • Victoria Baranov
  • Ieda Matavelli
  • Pauline Grosjean

Abstract

We examine how masculinity norms—the social expectations about how men should behave—predict economic, health, and political outcomes. We field the Global Masculinity Survey, covering 125,000 individuals across 70 countries, to measure adherence to core masculinity norms. Economically, men who adhere more strongly to these norms supply more labor, earn more, and sort into traditionally masculine occupations. However, they take greater health risks and report poorer mental health. Politically, they express stronger support for strongman authoritarianism and military rule. Adherence to masculinity norms is stronger among men exposed to war or economic recession during their impressionable years.

Suggested Citation

  • Ralph De Haas & Victoria Baranov & Ieda Matavelli & Pauline Grosjean, 2026. "Masculinity Around the World," CESifo Working Paper Series 12906, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12906
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • Z13 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification

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