IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/gjofsm/v24y2023i1d10.1007_s40171-022-00321-0.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Flexible Green Supply Chain Management in Emerging Economies: A Systematic Literature Review

Author

Listed:
  • M. K. Dhillon

    (University of Westminster)

  • P. M. Rafi-Ul-Shan

    (University for the Creative Arts
    Cardiff Metropolitan University)

  • H. Amar

    (University of Westminster)

  • F. Sher

    (Nottingham Trent University)

  • S. Ahmed

    (University of West of Scotland
    King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals)

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to synthesize the fragmented extant knowledge on flexible and green supply chain management (FGSCM) in the context of emerging economies and to unearth research gaps to motivate future research. We adopted a novel structured systematic literature review by triangulating a systematic literature review, text mining, and network analysis. Institutional theory and contingency theory were employed to analyze the results of the review. The results show that, firstly, research on FGSCM in emerging economies, despite its importance, is immature compared to general FGSCM literature. Second, the specificities of strategies and practices that distinguish this topic in emerging economies are discussed and the drivers and barriers are identified with respect to sources of institutional pressure. Third, a research framework for FGSCM in emerging economies is developed and 12 gaps for future research are identified. This study has exclusively developed a research framework for FGSCM in an emerging economy which has received the least consideration in the literature and practice. The framework was developed to synthesize the existing literature and to identify the research gaps to inspire future research.

Suggested Citation

  • M. K. Dhillon & P. M. Rafi-Ul-Shan & H. Amar & F. Sher & S. Ahmed, 2023. "Flexible Green Supply Chain Management in Emerging Economies: A Systematic Literature Review," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(1), pages 1-28, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:gjofsm:v:24:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s40171-022-00321-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s40171-022-00321-0
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40171-022-00321-0
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s40171-022-00321-0?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Scarpa, Riccardo & Willis, Ken, 2010. "Willingness-to-pay for renewable energy: Primary and discretionary choice of British households' for micro-generation technologies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 129-136, January.
    2. Adhikari, Arnab & Bisi, Arnab, 2020. "Collaboration, bargaining, and fairness concern for a green apparel supply chain: An emerging economy perspective," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    3. Ying Liao, 2020. "An integrative framework of supply chain flexibility," International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 69(6), pages 1321-1342, March.
    4. Shivam Gupta & Vinayak A. Drave & Surajit Bag & Zongwei Luo, 2019. "Leveraging Smart Supply Chain and Information System Agility for Supply Chain Flexibility," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 547-564, June.
    5. Zhu, Qinghua & Sarkis, Joseph & Lai, Kee-hung, 2008. "Green supply chain management implications for "closing the loop"," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Vivek Soundararajan & Jill A. Brown, 2016. "Voluntary Governance Mechanisms in Global Supply Chains: Beyond CSR to a Stakeholder Utility Perspective," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 134(1), pages 83-102, March.
    7. Sarkis, Joseph & Zhu, Qinghua & Lai, Kee-hung, 2011. "An organizational theoretic review of green supply chain management literature," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(1), pages 1-15, March.
    8. Jing-Wen Huang & Yong-Hui Li, 2017. "Green Innovation and Performance: The View of Organizational Capability and Social Reciprocity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 145(2), pages 309-324, October.
    9. Albort-Morant, Gema & Leal-Millán, Antonio & Cepeda-Carrión, Gabriel, 2016. "The antecedents of green innovation performance: A model of learning and capabilities," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 4912-4917.
    10. Esfahbodi, Ali & Zhang, Yufeng & Watson, Glyn, 2016. "Sustainable supply chain management in emerging economies: Trade-offs between environmental and cost performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(PB), pages 350-366.
    11. Raj, Alok & Mukherjee, Abheek Anjan & de Sousa Jabbour, Ana Beatriz Lopes & Srivastava, Samir K., 2022. "Supply chain management during and post-COVID-19 pandemic: Mitigation strategies and practical lessons learned," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 1125-1139.
    12. Govindan, Kannan & Kaliyan, Mathiyazhagan & Kannan, Devika & Haq, A.N., 2014. "Barriers analysis for green supply chain management implementation in Indian industries using analytic hierarchy process," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(PB), pages 555-568.
    13. Frédéric Rosin & Pascal Forget & Samir Lamouri & Robert Pellerin, 2020. "Impacts of Industry 4.0 technologies on Lean principles," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(6), pages 1644-1661, March.
    14. Cris Garcia-Saravia Ortiz-de-Montellano & Yvonne Meer, 2022. "A Theoretical Framework for Circular Processes and Circular Impacts Through a Comprehensive Review of Indicators," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 23(2), pages 291-314, June.
    15. Silvestre, Bruno S., 2015. "Sustainable supply chain management in emerging economies: Environmental turbulence, institutional voids and sustainability trajectories," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 156-169.
    16. Jia, Peng & Diabat, Ali & Mathiyazhagan, K., 2015. "Analyzing the SSCM practices in the mining and mineral industry by ISM approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(P1), pages 76-85.
    17. Kannan Govindan & Devika Kannan & Madan Shankar, 2015. "Evaluation of green manufacturing practices using a hybrid MCDM model combining DANP with PROMETHEE," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(21), pages 6344-6371, November.
    18. Zailani, Suhaiza & Jeyaraman, K. & Vengadasan, G. & Premkumar, R., 2012. "Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in Malaysia: A survey," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(1), pages 330-340.
    19. Mehwish Jawaad & Sohail Zafar, 2020. "Improving sustainable development and firm performance in emerging economies by implementing green supply chain activities," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(1), pages 25-38, January.
    20. Xiaoming Feng & Bojie Fu & Shilong Piao & Shuai Wang & Philippe Ciais & Zhenzhong Zeng & Yihe Lü & Yuan Zeng & Yue Li & Xiaohui Jiang & Bingfang Wu, 2016. "Revegetation in China’s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(11), pages 1019-1022, November.
    21. Gunasekaran, Angappa & Spalanzani, Alain, 2012. "Sustainability of manufacturing and services: Investigations for research and applications," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(1), pages 35-47.
    22. K. Mathiyazhagan & Udbhav Datta & Rishabh bhadauria & Aditya Singla & S. Krishnamoorthi, 2018. "Identification and prioritization of motivational factors for the green supply chain management adoption: case from Indian construction industries," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 55(1), pages 202-219, March.
    23. Dubey, Rameshwar & Gunasekaran, Angappa & Samar Ali, Sadia, 2015. "Exploring the relationship between leadership, operational practices, institutional pressures and environmental performance: A framework for green supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 120-132.
    24. Jayaram, Jayanth & Avittathur, Balram, 2015. "Green supply chains: A perspective from an emerging economy," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 234-244.
    25. Ashish Dwivedi & Dindayal Agrawal & Ajay Jha & Massimo Gastaldi & Sanjoy Kumar Paul & Idiano D’Adamo, 2021. "Addressing the Challenges to Sustainable Initiatives in Value Chain Flexibility: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 22(2), pages 179-197, December.
    26. Nishitani, Kimitaka, 2010. "Demand for ISO 14001 adoption in the global supply chain: An empirical analysis focusing on environmentally conscious markets," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 395-407, August.
    27. Diabat, Ali & Govindan, Kannan, 2011. "An analysis of the drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 55(6), pages 659-667.
    28. Gavronski, Iuri & Klassen, Robert D. & Vachon, Stephan & Nascimento, Luis Felipe Machado do, 2011. "A resource-based view of green supply management," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 872-885.
    29. Chiou, Tzu-Yun & Chan, Hing Kai & Lettice, Fiona & Chung, Sai Ho, 2011. "The influence of greening the suppliers and green innovation on environmental performance and competitive advantage in Taiwan," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 822-836.
    30. Zulfiquar N. Ansari & Ravi Kant, 2017. "Exploring the Framework Development Status for Sustainability in Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Synthesis and Future Research Directions," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(7), pages 873-892, November.
    31. Ralph Luken & Rodney Stares, 2005. "Small business responsibility in developing countries: a threat or an opportunity?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(1), pages 38-53, January.
    32. Zhu, Qingyun & Sarkis, Joseph, 2016. "Green marketing and consumerism as social change in China: Analyzing the literature," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(PB), pages 289-302.
    33. Geng, Ruoqi & Mansouri, S. Afshin & Aktas, Emel, 2017. "The relationship between green supply chain management and performance: A meta-analysis of empirical evidences in Asian emerging economies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 183(PA), pages 245-258.
    34. Sanjoy Kumar Paul & Priyabrata Chowdhury, 2020. "Strategies for Managing the Impacts of Disruptions During COVID-19: an Example of Toilet Paper," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21(3), pages 283-293, September.
    35. K. Mathiyazhagan & A. Noorul Haq & Varun Baxi, 2016. "Analysing the barriers for the adoption of green supply chain management - the Indian plastic industry perspective," International Journal of Business Performance and Supply Chain Modelling, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(1), pages 46-65.
    36. Jörn‐Henrik Thun & Andrea Müller, 2010. "An empirical analysis of green supply chain management in the German automotive industry," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(2), pages 119-132, February.
    37. Josip Marić & Marco Opazo-Basáez, 2019. "Green Servitization for Flexible and Sustainable Supply Chain Operations: A Review of Reverse Logistics Services in Manufacturing," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 20(1), pages 65-80, December.
    38. Davide Settembre-Blundo & Rocío González-Sánchez & Sonia Medina-Salgado & Fernando E. García-Muiña, 2021. "Flexibility and Resilience in Corporate Decision Making: A New Sustainability-Based Risk Management System in Uncertain Times," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 22(2), pages 107-132, December.
    39. Claudio Sassanelli & Sergio Terzi, 2022. "The D-BEST Reference Model: A Flexible and Sustainable Support for the Digital Transformation of Small and Medium Enterprises," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 23(3), pages 345-370, September.
    40. Geetha Jaikumar & M Karpagam & S Thiyagarajan, 2013. "Factors Influencing Corporate Environmental Performance in India," Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, , vol. 6(1), pages 2-17, January.
    41. Wantao Yu & Ramakrishnan Ramanathan, 2015. "An empirical examination of stakeholder pressures, green operations practices and environmental performance," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(21), pages 6390-6407, November.
    42. Liu, Yang & Zhu, Qinghua & Seuring, Stefan, 2017. "Linking capabilities to green operations strategies: The moderating role of corporate environmental proactivity," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 182-195.
    43. S.C. Lenny Koh & K. Ganesh & Nandakumar Chidambaram & S.P. Anbuudayasankar, 2012. "Assessment on the adoption of low carbon and green supply chain management practices in Indian supply chain sectors - manufacturing and service industries," International Journal of Business and Globalisation, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 9(3), pages 311-345.
    44. Herring, Horace, 2006. "Energy efficiency—a critical view," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 10-20.
    45. Hultman, Nathan E. & Pulver, Simone & Guimarães, Leticia & Deshmukh, Ranjit & Kane, Jennifer, 2012. "Carbon market risks and rewards: Firm perceptions of CDM investment decisions in Brazil and India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 90-102.
    46. Lai, Kee-hung & Wong, Christina W.Y., 2012. "Green logistics management and performance: Some empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing exporters," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 267-282.
    47. Mangla, Sachin Kumar & Kumar, Pradeep & Barua, Mukesh Kumar, 2015. "Risk analysis in green supply chain using fuzzy AHP approach: A case study," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 104(PB), pages 375-390.
    48. Yu, Kangkang & Cadeaux, Jack & Luo, Ben Nanfeng, 2015. "Operational flexibility: Review and meta-analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 190-202.
    49. William Young & Kumju Hwang & Seonaidh McDonald & Caroline J. Oates, 2010. "Sustainable consumption: green consumer behaviour when purchasing products," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(1), pages 20-31.
    50. Luthra, Sunil & Garg, Dixit & Haleem, Abid, 2015. "An analysis of interactions among critical success factors to implement green supply chain management towards sustainability: An Indian perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(P1), pages 37-50.
    51. Stanislav Birko & Edward S Dove & Vural Özdemir, 2015. "Evaluation of Nine Consensus Indices in Delphi Foresight Research and Their Dependency on Delphi Survey Characteristics: A Simulation Study and Debate on Delphi Design and Interpretation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-14, August.
    52. Chan, Hing Kai & Yee, Rachel W.Y. & Dai, Jing & Lim, Ming K., 2016. "The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on green product innovation and performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(PB), pages 384-391.
    53. Fahimnia, Behnam & Sarkis, Joseph & Davarzani, Hoda, 2015. "Green supply chain management: A review and bibliometric analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 101-114.
    54. Bai, Chunguang & Sarkis, Joseph, 2010. "Integrating sustainability into supplier selection with grey system and rough set methodologies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(1), pages 252-264, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Arpan Kumar Kar & P. S. Varsha & Shivakami Rajan, 2023. "Unravelling the Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in Industrial Applications: A Review of Scientific and Grey Literature," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(4), pages 659-689, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ardian Qorri & Saranda Gashi & Andrzej Kraslawski, 2021. "Performance outcomes of supply chain practices for sustainable development: A meta‐analysis of moderators," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 194-216, January.
    2. Jayaram, Jayanth & Avittathur, Balram, 2015. "Green supply chains: A perspective from an emerging economy," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 234-244.
    3. Amer Saeed & Yun Jun & Saviour Ayertey Nubuor & Hewawasam Puwakpitiyage Rasika Priyankara & Mahabaduge Prasad Fernando Jayasuriya, 2018. "Institutional Pressures, Green Supply Chain Management Practices on Environmental and Economic Performance: A Two Theory View," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-24, May.
    4. Abbas Mardani & Dalia Streimikiene & Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas & Fausto Cavallaro & Mehrbakhsh Nilashi & Ahmad Jusoh & Habib Zare, 2017. "Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Solve Environmental Sustainability Problems: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-65, October.
    5. Luthra, Sunil & Mangla, Sachin Kumar & Xu, Lei & Diabat, Ali, 2016. "Using AHP to evaluate barriers in adopting sustainable consumption and production initiatives in a supply chain," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(PB), pages 342-349.
    6. Luthra, Sunil & Govindan, Kannan & Mangla, Sachin Kumar, 2017. "Structural model for sustainable consumption and production adoption—A grey-DEMATEL based approach," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 198-207.
    7. Hisham Alidrisi, 2021. "Measuring the Environmental Maturity of the Supply Chain Finance: A Big Data-Based Multi-Criteria Perspective," Logistics, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-24, April.
    8. Rebeca B. Sánchez-Flores & Samantha E. Cruz-Sotelo & Sara Ojeda-Benitez & Ma. Elizabeth Ramírez-Barreto, 2020. "Sustainable Supply Chain Management—A Literature Review on Emerging Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-27, August.
    9. Katiyar, Rajesh & Meena, Purushottam L. & Barua, Mukesh Kumar & Tibrewala, Rajen & Kumar, Gopal, 2018. "Impact of sustainability and manufacturing practices on supply chain performance: Findings from an emerging economy," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 303-316.
    10. Seles, Bruno Michel Roman Pais & de Sousa Jabbour, Ana Beatriz Lopes & Jabbour, Charbel José Chiappetta & Dangelico, Rosa Maria, 2016. "The green bullwhip effect, the diffusion of green supply chain practices, and institutional pressures: Evidence from the automotive sector," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 342-355.
    11. Hung M. Nguyen & George Onofrei & Dothang Truong & Simon Lockrey, 2020. "Customer green orientation and process innovation alignment: A configuration approach in the global manufacturing industry," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(6), pages 2498-2513, September.
    12. Vivek Agrawal & Rajendra P. Mohanty & Sucheta Agarwal & Jitendra Kumar Dixit & Anand M. Agrawal, 2023. "Analyzing critical success factors for sustainable green supply chain management," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(8), pages 8233-8258, August.
    13. Graça Miranda Silva & Paulo J. Gomes & Joseph Sarkis, 2019. "The role of innovation in the implementation of green supply chain management practices," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(5), pages 819-832, July.
    14. Samad, Sarminah & Nilashi, Mehrbakhsh & Almulihi, Ahmed & Alrizq, Mesfer & Alghamdi, Abdullah & Mohd, Saidatulakmal & Ahmadi, Hossein & Syed Azhar, Sharifah Nurlaili Farhana, 2021. "Green Supply Chain Management practices and impact on firm performance: The moderating effect of collaborative capability," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    15. Cherrafi, Anass & Garza-Reyes, Jose Arturo & Kumar, Vikas & Mishra, Nishikant & Ghobadian, Abby & Elfezazi, Said, 2018. "Lean, green practices and process innovation: A model for green supply chain performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 79-92.
    16. Dongwook Kim & Sungbum Kim, 2017. "Sustainable Supply Chain Based on News Articles and Sustainability Reports: Text Mining with Leximancer and DICTION," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-44, June.
    17. Geng, Ruoqi & Mansouri, S. Afshin & Aktas, Emel, 2017. "The relationship between green supply chain management and performance: A meta-analysis of empirical evidences in Asian emerging economies," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 183(PA), pages 245-258.
    18. Esfahbodi, Ali & Zhang, Yufeng & Liu, Yang & Geng, Duanyang, 2023. "The fallacy of profitable green supply chains: The role of green information systems (GIS) in attenuating the sustainability trade-offs," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    19. Mehrnaz Jalali & Bo Feng & Junwen Feng, 2022. "An Analysis of Barriers to Sustainable Supply Chain Management Implementation: The Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-30, October.
    20. Palash Saha & Subrata Talapatra & H. M. Belal & Victoria Jackson, 2022. "Unleashing the Potential of the TQM and Industry 4.0 to Achieve Sustainability Performance in the Context of a Developing Country," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 23(4), pages 495-513, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:gjofsm:v:24:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s40171-022-00321-0. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.