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Les comportements de transferts intergénérationnels en Europe

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  • François-Charles Wolff
  • Claudine Attias-Donfut

Abstract

[fre] Les transferts qui circulent entre les générations à la fois sous forme de temps et d'argent sont très importants dans l'ensemble des pays européens. D'après les données issues de l'enquête Share menée auprès de personnes de 50 ans et plus, près de trois enquêtés sur dix sont concernés par des transferts financiers au cours de l'année et plus de quatre sur dix par des aides en temps. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'argent, les enquêtés déclarent avoir versé un transfert sept fois plus souvent qu'ils ne signalent en avoir reçu, tandis que le taux d'aide donnée n'est guère différent du taux d'aide reçue pour les aides en temps. Les transferts financiers sont dans une très large majorité versés aux enfants et, dans une moindre mesure, aux petits-enfants, tandis que les aides en temps reçues sont majoritairement le fait des enfants. Il existe des différences européennes significatives avec des transferts globalement moins importants dans les pays d'Europe du Sud. Les aides financières versées sont avant tout liées à des dépenses courantes et à des évènements familiaux. Qu'ils soient reçus ou bien versés, les transferts sont fortement liés à la structure familiale, au niveau d'éducation et au revenu. Les aides en argent apportées aux enfants dépendent largement de la situation de ces derniers. Elles sont plus fréquentes pour les enfants au chômage ou les étudiants et elles augmentent avec les contacts familiaux entre parents et enfants. Si les parents viennent certes en aide à leurs enfants lorsque le besoin s'en fait sentir, l'enquête Share suggère l'existence de mécanismes d'échange entre les générations. [ger] Verhaltensweisen der Transfers zwischen den Generationen in Europa. Die Transfers zwischen den Generationen in Form zeitlicher und fi nanzieller Zuwendungen sind in allen europäischen Ländern erheblich. Nach den Daten der Erhebung . Share, die bei Personen im Alter von 50 Jahren und darüber durchgeführt wurde, erhielten im Jahresverlauf fast drei von zehn Befragten fi nanzielle und mehr als vier von zehn Befragten zeitliche Zuwendungen. Bei fi nanziellen Transfers erklären die Befragten, dass sie siebenmal mehr Geld gegeben als erhalten hätten, während die bei der zeitlichen Zuwendung geleisteten und empfangenen Hilfen sich fast decken. Die fi nanziellen Leistungen sind in der großen Mehrheit für die Kinder und in geringerem Maße für die Enkel bestimmt, wohingegen die Hilfe in Form zeitlicher Zuwendungen mehrheitlich von den Kindern geleistet wird. Innerhalb Europas gibt es erhebliche Unterschiede, da in den südeuropäischen Ländern insgesamt weniger Transfers erfolgen. Finanzielle Hilfen werden hauptsächlich für laufende Ausgaben und bei Familienereignissen gewährt. Ganz gleich ob erhalten oder geleistet, die Transfers hängen stark von der Familienstruktur, dem Bildungsgrad und dem Einkommen ab. Für die fi nanziellen Hilfen zugunsten der Kinder sind weitgehend deren Situation entscheidend. Sie sind häufi ger bei arbeitslosen Kindern oder Studenten und nehmen mit den Familienkontakten zwischen Eltern und Kindern zu. Die Eltern unterstützen zwar ihre hilfsbedürftigen Kinder; die Erhebung Share lässt aber auf das Vorhandensein von Austauschmechanismen zwischen den Generationen schließen. [eng] Intergenerational Transfer Behaviour in Europe. Transfers between generations in the form of both time and money are very signifi cant in all European countries. According to the data from the Share survey of people aged over 50, nearly three interviewees in ten are involved in fi nancial transfers during the year and more than four in ten are involved in support in terms of time. Where money is concerned, the interviewees are seven times more likely to say that they have given money than received it, while there is barely any difference between the levels of time given and time received. The vast majority of fi nancial transfers are given to children and, to a lesser extent, grandchildren, while the time assistance is mostly given by children. There are signifi cant differences at European level, overall transfers being lower in southern countries. The fi nancial aid given is above all linked to routine expenditure and family events. Whether received or given, the transfers are strongly linked to family structure, in terms of education and income. Financial assistance given to children depends greatly on the children’s situations. Assistance is most frequently given to unemployed children and students, and it increases with family contact between parents and children. While it is true that parents come to their children’s assistance when the need arises, the . Share survey suggests that intergenerational exchange mechanisms exist. [spa] Comportamiento de las transferencias intergeneracionales en Europa. Las transferencias que circulan entra las generaciones a la vez en forma de tiempo y dinero son muy importantes en el conjunto de los países europeos. Según los datos de la encuesta Share realizada ante personas de 50 años y más, casi tres encuestados sobre diez están atañidos por transferencias fi nancieras a lo largo del año y más de cuatro sobre diez por ayudas en tiempo. Cuando se trata de dinero, los encuestados declaran haber transferido siete veces más que señalan haber recibido, mientras que la tasa de ayuda proporcionada no se diferencia apenas de la recibida cuando se trata de tiempo. Las transferencias fi nancieras son en una amplia mayoría ingresadas a los hijos y, en menor medida, a los nietos, mientras que las ayudas en tiempo recibidas son mayoritariamente cuestión de los hijos. Existen diferencias europeas signifi cativas con las transferencias, globalmente menos importantes en los países del sur de Europa. Las ayudas fi nancieras están ante todo vinculadas con los gastos corrientes y eventos familiares. Sean recibidas o transmitidas, las transferencias están fuertemente vinculadas a la estructura familiar, al nivel de educación y a los ingresos. Las ayudas económicas a los hijos dependen mucho de la situación de estos últimos. Son mucho más frecuentes para los hijos en paro o los estudiantes y aumentan con los contactos familiares entre padres e hijos. Cierto, los padres acuden en ayuda de los hijos si la necesidad apremia, pero la encuesta Share sugiere la existencia de mecanismos de intercambio entre las generaciones.

Suggested Citation

  • François-Charles Wolff & Claudine Attias-Donfut, 2007. "Les comportements de transferts intergénérationnels en Europe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 117-141.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_403_1_7091
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7091
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7091
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    2. Maaike Jappens & Jan Van Bavel, 2012. "Regional family cultures and child care by grandparents in Europe," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 27(4), pages 85-120.
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    4. doctorants Ined, 2015. "Actes de la Journée Doctorale de l’Ined - 2015," Working Papers 219, Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED).
    5. Alain Jourdain, 2018. "Pay-as-you-go pension, a factor of social justice and economic growth? [Vieillissement démographique et prélèvements obligatoires : la retraite par répartition, facteur de justice sociale et de cro," Working Papers hal-01816415, HAL.
    6. Franck Bien & Arnold Chassagnon & Manuel Plisson, 2012. "Est-il rationnel de ne pas s'assurer contre la dépendance ?," PSE - Labex "OSE-Ouvrir la Science Economique" halshs-00754579, HAL.
    7. Belan Pascal & Moussault Erwan, 2020. "Inheritance Taxation in a Model with Intergenerational Time Transfers," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 20(1), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Franck Bien & Arnold Chassagnon & Manuel Plisson, 2011. "Est-il rationnel de ne pas s'assurer contre la dépendance ?," Revue française d'économie, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(4), pages 161-199.
    9. Agnès Gramain & Jérôme Wittwer, 2010. "Prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes : quels enjeux économiques ?," Post-Print halshs-00705568, HAL.
    10. Sophie BOUTILLIER & Godefroy KIZABA, 2011. "La création de très petites entreprises, territoire et relations sociales. enquête dans la région du Nord-pas de calais (France) CREATION OF VERY SMALL ENTERPRISES, TERRITORY AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ," Working Papers 244, Laboratoire de Recherche sur l'Industrie et l'Innovation. ULCO / Research Unit on Industry and Innovation.

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