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Les services informels entre ménages : une dimension méconnue du bénévolat

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  • Lionel Prouteau
  • François-Charles Wolff

Abstract

[fre] Les services informels entre ménages: une dimension méconnue du bénévolat . . Le bénévolat informel est un comportement mal connu et peu reconnu en France. Il est constitué de l’ensemble des services non rémunérés rendus hors du foyer et en dehors de tout cadre organisé. L’enquête Insee de 1998-1999 sur les emplois du temps permet d’en appréhender un aspect important, celui des services rendus pour d’autres ménages, qu’ils soient apparentés ou non. Près d’un Français sur deux a réalisé de tels services informels dans les quatre semaines qui précédaient l’enquête, avec toutefois des fréquences très variables. Les profils des participants sont assez nettement distincts selon les types de services réalisés, mais aussi selon que les bénéficiaires des aides appartiennent au réseau familial ou non. Les contraintes que font peser les autres temps sociaux, particulièrement ceux consacrés à l’activité professionnelle et aux tâches domestiques, ne sont pas sans effet sur ce comportement bénévole, mais leur influence n’est ni mécanique, ni univoque. Recevoir une aide de tiers prédispose à en apporter soi-même à autrui. Le bénévolat informel s’inscrit donc dans le cadre de l’entretien de réseaux de réciprocité. Parce qu’il est aussi un moyen de tisser et d’entretenir des contacts interpersonnels, il répond également à des motivations d’ordre relationnel. [eng] Informal Services among Households: A Little Known Aspect of Voluntary Work . . Informal voluntary work is a little known and barely acknowledged phenomenon in France. It consists of all unpaid services provided outside of the household and external to any organised structure. INSEE’s 1998-1999 time use survey reveals the importance of services provided to other households, whether they are part of the family or not. Nearly half of the French population had provided such informal services in the month preceding the survey, although frequencies varied a great deal. Participants’ profiles differ quite distinctly by type of service provided, but also depending on whether the recipients are family members or not. Other social time constraints, especially employment and domestic time constraints, are not without their effect on this voluntary behaviour. However, their influence is neither automatic nor unequivocal. The fact of receiving assistance from a third party makes the recipients more inclined to assist another. Informal voluntary work therefore falls within the framework of maintaining mutual assistance networks. In addition, it satisfies relational motives since it is also a way of making and maintaining interpersonal contacts. [ger] Erbringung informeller Dienste zwischen Haushalten: eine verkannte Dimension der unentgeltlichen Arbeit . . Die informelle unentgeltliche Arbeit ist in Frankreich nur wenig bekannt und wird kaum anerkannt. Sie umfasst alle unbezahlten Dienste, die außerhalb des eigenen Haushalts und außerhalb jeden organisierten Rahmens erbracht werden. Die INSEE-Erhebung von 1998-1999 über die Beschäftigung während des Tages gibt Aufschluss über einen wichtigen Aspekt, nämlich die Dienste, die anderen Haushalten erbracht werden, ganz gleich, ob es sich um Verwandte handelt oder nicht. Nahezu jeder zweite Franzose hatte in den vier Wochen vor Durchführung der Erhebung solche informellen Dienste erbracht, allerdings mit sehr unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit. Die Profile der Erbringer solcher Dienste unterscheiden sich deutlich nach Art dieser Dienste, aber auch je nach dem, ob die Begünstigten dem familiären Netz angehören oder nicht. Die Belastung durch die anderen gesellschaftlichen Tätigkeiten, insbesondere den Beruf und die Hausarbeit, wirkt sich zwar auf diese unentgeltliche Arbeit aus; ihr Einfluss ist aber weder automatisch noch einheitlich. Wer die Unterstützung eines Dritten in Anspruch nimmt, ist in der Regel auch bereit, selbst einem anderen zu helfen. Mithin ist eine informelle unentgeltliche Tätigkeit Teil eines auf Gegenseitigkeit beruhenden Netzes. Da sie zudem ein Mittel darstellt, um Kontakte zu knüpfen und aufrechtzuerhalten, wird sie auch zwischenmenschlichen Anliegen gerecht. [spa] Los servicios informales entre hogares: una dimensión desconocida del voluntariado . . El voluntariado informal es un comportamiento mal conocido y poco reconocido en Francia. Es constituido por la totalidad de los servicios no remunerados realizados fuera del hogar y fuera de todo marco organizado. La encuesta Insee de 1998-1999 sobre los horarios permite abarcar un aspecto importante de este comportamiento, el de los servicios realizados para otros hogares, sean o no aparentados entre sí los hogares. Alrededor de uno de cada dos franceses ha realizado dichos servicios informales en las cuatro semanas anteriores a la encuesta, con frecuencias muy variables sin embargo. Los perfiles de los participantes son bastante distintos según la clase de servicios realizados, y también según si los beneficiarios de las ayudas pertenecen o no a la red familiar. Las obligaciones que generan los demás tiempos sociales, en especial aquellos dedicados a la actividad profesional y a las tareas domésticas, no son sin consecuencia sobre ese comportamiento voluntario, pero su influencia ni es mecánica ni unívoca. El recibir una ayuda por parte de un tercero predispone a que uno la ofrezca también al otro. El voluntariado informal se da entonces dentro de la esfera del mantenimiento de redes de reciprocidad. Por ser también una manera de tejer y de mantener unos contactos interpersonales, responde igualmente a unas motivaciones de tipo relacional.

Suggested Citation

  • Lionel Prouteau & François-Charles Wolff, 2003. "Les services informels entre ménages : une dimension méconnue du bénévolat," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 368(1), pages 3-31.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_368_1_7295
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7295
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7295
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    2. Pierre Pestieau & Motohiro Sato, 2008. "Long‐Term Care: the State, the Market and the Family," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 75(299), pages 435-454, August.
    3. Nicolas Herpin & Jean-Hugues Déchaux, 2004. "Entraide familiale, indépendance économique et sociabilité," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 373(1), pages 3-32.
    4. François-Charles Wolff & Claudine Attias-Donfut, 2007. "Les comportements de transferts intergénérationnels en Europe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 117-141.

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