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L'écart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser ?

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  • Dominique Meurs
  • Sophie Ponthieux

Abstract

[spa] En 2002, la diferencia salarial media mensual de mujeres y hombres es de 25,3 %, es decir, apenas un punto menos de lo que era en 1990. Además, los componentes de esta disparidad, bien sean estructurales, es decir, resultado de las diferencias en las características productivas y en los empleos ocupados, o bien procedentes de las diferencias en el rendimiento de estas características, permanecen extremadamente estables: sea cual sea el año considerado en este periodo, 75 % de las diferencias salariales proceden de diferencias de estructura en los empleos, siendo la duración del trabajo el factor más importante. Por último, constatamos también una gran estabilidad en la dispersión de las remuneraciones en el período, en un contexto de débil progresión salarial. La estabilidad en la diferencia salarial entre mujeres y hombres y en la composición de esta disparidad puede resultar sorprendente: en efecto, el nivel medio de educación de las mujeres ha superado al de los hombres y continua progresando, las disposiciones legales prohíben cualquier forma de discriminación y promueven la igualdad profesional. Además, en el periodo estudiado, de un lado la reforma del subsidio parental de educación en 1994, de otro la reforma de las 35 horas, hubieran podido tener un impacto en las diferencias salariales pero la repercusión de estas tendencias, como de sus impactos, parece extremamente modesta sobre el reparto de mujeres y hombres por profesión, función, sector y duración de trabajo. Ahí reside la mayor fuente de desigualdad salarial entre mujeres y hombres y el principal factor de su persistencia. La diferencia salarial entre mujeres y hombres, podría bajar todavía, con la condición de encontrar los incentivos que hagan cambiar los comportamientos y las elecciones profesionales. ¿La diferencia salarial entre mujeres y hombres, puede bajar todavía? [ger] 2002 lag die Differenz zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Monatslohn von Frauen und Männern bei 25,3 %, das heißt nur knapp ein Prozentpunkt weniger als im Jahre 1990. Zudem sind die Merkmale dieses Gefälles äußerst stabil geblieben, seien sie struktureller Art •das Ergebnis unterschiedlicher Produktionsund Beschäftigungsmerkmale •oder auf die Rentabilitätsunterschiede dieser Merkmale zurückzuführen: Unabhängig von dem untersuchten Jahr dieses Zeitraums resultieren 75 % des Lohngefälles aus den Unterschieden hinsichtlich der Struktur der Beschäftigungen, wobei der wichtigste Faktor die Arbeitszeit darstellt. Festzustellen ist schließlich auch eine große Stabilität der Streuung der Löhne innerhalb des Zeitraums im Kontext eines geringen Lohnanstiegs. Die Stabilität der Differenz der Monatslöhne zwischen Frauen und Männern und der Merkmale dieses Gefälles mag erstaunen denn das durchschnittliche Bildungsniveau der Frauen liegt nunmehr über demjenigen der Männer und nimmt weiter zu und die Rechtsvorschriften verbieten jede Art von Diskriminierung und fördern die berufliche Gleichstellung. Im untersuchten Zeitraum hätten einerseits die Reform des Erziehungsgelds im Jahre 1994 und andererseits die Einführung der 35-Stundenwoche möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf die Lohnunterschiede gehabt. Allerdings scheinen die Konsequenzen dieser Trends wie auch dieser Schocks für die Aufteilung der Frauen und Männer zwischen den Berufen, Funktionen, Sektoren und Arbeitszeiten überaus moderat zu sein. Dies ist die Hauptursache für die ungleiche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern und der wichtigste Faktor ihres Fortbestands. Das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern könnte weiter zurückgehen, wenn die Hebel gefunden werden, die eine Änderung der Verhaltensweisen und der Berufswahl bewirken. Kann das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern noch weiter abnehmen? [eng] In 2002, the differential between the average monthly salaries of women and men was 25.3% that is only just one percent lower than in 1990. Moreover, the components of this wage gap have remained steady, whether they be structural, i.e. resulting from the different productive characteristics and the different jobs held, or whether they result from the differences in output of these characteristics: for any given year during this period, 75% of the wage differential results from differences in job structures, with working hours being the most important element. Finally, the distribution of salaries remains largely stable over this period, within the context of low wage rises. The persistence of the gender wage differential and its enduring composition could be considered as surprising: the average level of education of women is now higher than that of men and continues to rise, and the law prohibits discrimination of any kind and promotes professional equality. Furthermore, during the study period, the reform of the Allocation Parentale d’Education . (the French child-raising allowance) in 1994 and the reform of the 35-hour week could well have impacted on the wage differential. However, these trends, like these major changes, seem to have had very little effect on the distribution of women and men between jobs, positions, sectors and working hours. This is the principal source of the gender wage differential and the main reason for its persistence. The gender wage gap could be narrowed further on the condition that ways are found to change professional choices and behaviour. Can the Gender Wage Differential Be Narrowed any Further? [fre] En 2002, l’écart entre les salaires mensuels moyens des femmes et des hommes est de 25,3 %, soit à peine un point de moins que ce qu’il était en 1990. Qui plus est, les composantes de cet écart, qu’elles soient structurelles, c’est-à-dire résultant de différences de caractéristiques productives et d’emplois occupés, ou qu’elles proviennent des différences de rendement de ces caractéristiques, sont restées extrêmement stables: quelle que soit l’année considérée dans cette période, 75 % de l’écart des salaires proviennent des différences de structure des emplois, le facteur le plus important étant la durée de travail. Enfi n, on constate également une grande stabilité de la dispersion des rémunérations sur la période, dans un contexte de faible progression des salaires. La stabilité de l’écart des salaires mensuels entre les femmes et les hommes et de la composition de cet écart peut être jugée étonnante: en effet, le niveau moyen d’éducation des femmes a dépassé celui des hommes et continue de progresser, les dispositions légales interdisent la discrimination quelle qu’en soit la forme, et elles promeuvent l’égalité professionnelle. En outre, sur la période étudiée, la réforme de l’allocation parentale d’éducation en 1994 d’une part, la réforme des 35 heures d’autre part, auraient pu avoir un impact sur les différences de salaires. Mais la répercussion de ces tendances comme de ces chocs apparaît extrêmement modeste sur la répartition des femmes et des hommes par métier, fonction, secteur et durée de travail. C’est là la source majeure de l’inégalité salariale entre les femmes et les hommes et le principal facteur de sa persistance. L’écart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes pourrait encore baisser, à condition de trouver les leviers qui feront changer les comportements et les choix professionnels. L’écart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser? . .

Suggested Citation

  • Dominique Meurs & Sophie Ponthieux, 2006. "L'écart des salaires entre les femmes et les hommes peut-il encore baisser ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 398(1), pages 99-129.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2006_num_398_1_7119
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2006.7119
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2006.7119
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