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Gender and caste-based wage discrimination in India : some recent evidence

Author

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  • Agrawal, Tushar

Abstract

"This paper examines gender and social groups wage discrimination in India using a nationally representative survey. We examine the wage gaps between different sub-groups of population separately in the rural and urban sectors using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. To account for possibility of the sample selection bias, the Heckman correction model is employed. We find a large wage differential between gender groups and between different social groups. The decomposition analysis reveals that the wage differential between males and females can largely be attributed to discrimination in the labor market. Nevertheless, in case of social groups this gap is mostly driven by differences in endowments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Suggested Citation

  • Agrawal, Tushar, 2014. "Gender and caste-based wage discrimination in India : some recent evidence," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 47(4), pages 329-340.
    • Handle: RePEc:iab:iabjlr:v:47:i:4:p:329-340
    DOI: 10.1007/s12651-013-0152-z
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    Cited by:

    1. Satinder Singh & J. K. Parida & I. C. Awasthi, 2020. "Employability and Earning Differentials Among Technically and Vocationally Trained Youth in India," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 63(2), pages 363-386, June.
    2. Shiba Shankar Pattayat & Jajati Keshari Parida & Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh, 2023. "Gender Wage Gap among Rural Non-farm Sector Employees in India: Evidence from Nationally Representative Survey," Review of Development and Change, , vol. 28(1), pages 22-44, June.
    3. Yatish Kumar & Priya Bhakat, 2022. "Social Capital in Old-Age and the Role of the Social Marginalisation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 163(1), pages 371-388, August.
    4. Anjan Ray Chaudhury & Madhabendra Sinha, 2020. "Does Education Produce Identical Labour Market Outcomes for All? A Study on India," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 14(3), pages 309-331, August.
    5. Satinder Singh & Jajati K. Parida, 2022. "Employment and Earning Differentials Among Vocationally Trained Youth: Evidence from field studies in Punjab and Haryana in India," Millennial Asia, , vol. 13(1), pages 142-172, April.
    6. Satinder Singh & J. K. Parida & I. C. Awasthi, 0. "Employability and Earning Differentials Among Technically and Vocationally Trained Youth in India," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 0, pages 1-24.
    7. Vlad I. Rosca & Georgiana-Virginia Bonea, 2024. "Paving the way: migrant women's perceptions and experiences regarding gender-based discrimination on the Romanian labor market," Journal of Community Positive Practices, Catalactica NGO, issue 2, pages 27-50.
    8. Abraham, Rosa & Kesar, Surbhi, 2025. "Trajectories of labour market transitions in the Indian economy," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    9. Aswini Kumar Mishra & Vedant Bhardwaj, 2021. "Wealth distribution and accounting for changes in wealth inequality: empirical evidence from India, 1991–2012," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 585-620, May.
    10. Jadhav Chakradhar & Arun Kumar Bairwa, 2020. "Employment Probabilities And Workforce Distribution In The Indian Manufacturing Sector: A State-Level Analysis," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 23(1), pages 55-82, April.
    11. Pallavi Gupta & Satyanarayan Kothe, 2021. "Interpreting the Caste-based Earning Gaps in the Indian Labour Market: Theil and Oaxaca Decomposition Analysis," Papers 2110.06822, arXiv.org.
    12. Kumar, Anand & Sahoo, Soham, 2021. "Social Identity and STEM Choice: Evidence from Higher Secondary Schooling in India," GLO Discussion Paper Series 900, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    13. Aibanskhem Nongspung & Veronica Pala, 2025. "Self-Selection and Private Returns to Education in India: Evidence from NSSO Data," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 23(1), pages 253-283, March.
    14. Yasser Razak Hussain & Pranab Mukhopadhyay, 2023. "How Much do Education, Experience, and Social Networks Impact Earnings in India? A Panel Data Analysis Disaggregated by Class, Gender, Caste and Religion," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.
    15. Rammohan, Anu & Goli, Srinivas & Reddy, Bheemeshwar, 2017. "Occupational Segregation by Caste and Gender in India," MPRA Paper 101969, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Manik Kumar & Sweety Pandey, 2021. "Wage Gap Between Formal and Informal Regular Workers in India: Evidence from the National Sample Survey," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 13(1), pages 104-121, January.
    17. repec:iab:iabdpa:201512 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Yongchun Huang & Chengmeng Chen & Dejin Su & Shangshuo Wu, 2020. "Comparison of leading‐industrialisation and crossing‐industrialisation economic growth patterns in the context of sustainable development: Lessons from China and India," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 1077-1085, September.
    19. Balakarushna Padhi & Udaya S. Mishra & Urmi Pattanayak, 2019. "Gender-Based Wage Discrimination in Indian Urban Labour Market: An Assessment," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 62(3), pages 361-388, September.
    20. Ambika Tandon & Aayush Rathi, 2024. "Sustaining urban labour markets: Situating migration and domestic work in India's ‘gig’ economy," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 56(4), pages 1245-1261, June.
    21. Aakanksha & Narendra Kumar Bishnoi, 2024. "Education and earnings: examining the returns across regular, casual, and self-employed labour markets," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 4(6), pages 1-21, June.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • I20 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - General
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

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