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Does shadow education help students prepare for college? Evidence from Russia

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  • Loyalka, Prashant
  • Zakharov, Andrey

Abstract

Given the lack of causal evidence from developing countries, we examine the impact of participating in shadow education (private tutoring or other fee-based academic activities outside of formal schooling) on high school student achievement. Specifically, we analyze a unique dataset from Russia using a cross-subject student fixed effects model. We find that shadow education only positively impacts the achievement of high-achieving (and not low-achieving) students. Shadow education also does not lead students to substitute time away from their studies. Instead, our findings suggest that low-achieving students participate in low-quality shadow education which, in turn, contributes to inequality in college access.

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  • Loyalka, Prashant & Zakharov, Andrey, 2016. "Does shadow education help students prepare for college? Evidence from Russia," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 22-30.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:49:y:2016:i:c:p:22-30
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.01.008
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    1. Prakhov, Ilya & Yudkevich, Maria, 2019. "University admission in Russia: Do the wealthier benefit from standardized exams?," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 98-105.
    2. Haiping Xue & Chenchen Fang & Jin Shi & Xiaoqing Hu & Fang Qian, 2023. "Can Preschool Out-of-Kindergarten Tutoring Improve Approaches to Learning for Children? Evidence from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012 to 2020," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Yung, Kevin Wai-Ho, 2020. "Comparing the effectiveness of cram school tutors and schoolteachers: A critical analysis of students’ perceptions," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    4. Yuhe Guo & Qihui Chen & Shengying Zhai & Chunchen Pei, 2020. "Does private tutoring improve student learning in China? Evidence from the China Education Panel Survey," Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(3), pages 322-343, September.
    5. Indal Kumar & Indrani Roy Chowdhury, 2021. "Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants," Journal of South Asian Development, , vol. 16(2), pages 244-272, August.
    6. Minda Tan & Shuiyun Liu, 2023. "A Way of Human Capital Accumulation: Heterogeneous Impact of Shadow Education on Students’ Academic Performance in China," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, November.
    7. Changhui Kang & Yoonsoo Park, 2021. "Private Tutoring and Distribution of Student Academic Outcomes: An Implication of the Presence of Private Tutoring for Educational Inequality," Korean Economic Review, Korean Economic Association, vol. 37, pages 287-326.

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