IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v131y2024ics0140988324001075.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does gender diversity in politics improve access to electricity and electrification inequality? A global analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Rustagi, Niharika
  • Opoku, Eric Evans Osei
  • Acheampong, Alex O.

Abstract

Vast literature expounds that women are more sustainability-conscious and are more affected by issues of energy poverty. Another strand of literature upholds the effect of women's empowerment on social and sustainability outcomes. Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals, among other things, seeks to reduce gender inequality, intensify women's empowerment and increase the participation and involvement of women in decision-making and politics. In line with this, this paper seeks to examine the impact of women's involvement in decision-making, and in this case, politics on access to electricity and the rural-urban divide in access to electricity. Women's involvement in politics is measured with the percentage of women holding seats in national parliaments. With a global sample of 111 countries over the period 2000–2020 and employing event study analysis and instrumental variable estimation with gender quota as an instrument, the following results are observed. Firstly, the event study analysis shows that access to electricity and equality in access to electricity are higher and significantly different for the adopters of gender quotas than the countries that never adopted the gender quotas policy. Secondly, an increase in women parliamentarians is associated with a significant increase in access to electricity and rural-urban equality in access to electricity. Thirdly, these findings are broadly consistent and robust across geographical regions and income groups (except for upper-middle-income countries). Lastly, increase in women parliamentarians is associated with a significant increase in access to electricity and rural-urban equality in access to electricity in countries with reserved seat quotas and not countries with candidate quotas. Our findings highlight that empowering women politically could contribute to addressing global energy poverty while ensuring equity in energy access.

Suggested Citation

  • Rustagi, Niharika & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Acheampong, Alex O., 2024. "Does gender diversity in politics improve access to electricity and electrification inequality? A global analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324001075
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107399
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324001075
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107399?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman, 2003. "Instrumental variables and GMM: Estimation and testing," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 3(1), pages 1-31, March.
    2. Arthur Lewbel, 2012. "Using Heteroscedasticity to Identify and Estimate Mismeasured and Endogenous Regressor Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 67-80.
    3. Bush, Sarah Sunn, 2011. "International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 65(1), pages 103-137, January.
    4. Grant Miller, 2008. "Women's Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 123(3), pages 1287-1327.
    5. Kahsai, Mulugeta S. & Nondo, Chali & Schaeffer, Peter V. & Gebremedhin, Tesfa G., 2012. "Income level and the energy consumption–GDP nexus: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 739-746.
    6. Brollo, Fernanda & Troiano, Ugo, 2016. "What happens when a woman wins an election? Evidence from close races in Brazil," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 28-45.
    7. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Acheampong, Alex O., 2023. "Energy justice and economic growth: Does democracy matter?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 160-186.
    8. Walid Ben-Amar & Millicent Chang & Philip McIlkenny, 2017. "Board Gender Diversity and Corporate Response to Sustainability Initiatives: Evidence from the Carbon Disclosure Project," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 142(2), pages 369-383, May.
    9. Renée B. Adams & Patricia Funk, 2012. "Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Does Gender Matter?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 58(2), pages 219-235, February.
    10. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena & Manu, Sylvester Adasi, 2021. "Gender, electricity access, renewable energy consumption and energy efficiency," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    11. John C. Driscoll & Aart C. Kraay, 1998. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation With Spatially Dependent Panel Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(4), pages 549-560, November.
    12. Adams, Samuel & Klobodu, Edem Kwame Mensah & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei, 2016. "Energy consumption, political regime and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 36-44.
    13. Kanagawa, Makoto & Nakata, Toshihiko, 2008. "Assessment of access to electricity and the socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 2016-2029, June.
    14. Jayasinghe, Maneka & Selvanathan, E.A. & Selvanathan, Saroja, 2021. "Energy poverty in Sri Lanka," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    15. Steffen Andersen & Erwin Bulte & Uri Gneezy & John A. List, 2008. "Do Women Supply More Public Goods Than Men? Preliminary Experimental Evidence from Matrilineal and Patriarchal Societies," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(2), pages 376-381, May.
    16. Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika & Linden, Anna-Lisa, 2007. "Energy efficiency in residences--Challenges for women and men in the North," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 2163-2172, April.
    17. Parikh, Jyoti, 2011. "Hardships and health impacts on women due to traditional cooking fuels: A case study of Himachal Pradesh, India," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(12), pages 7587-7594.
    18. Supriya Garikipati & Uma Kambhampati, 2021. "Leading the Fight Against the Pandemic: Does Gender Really Matter?," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(1-2), pages 401-418, April.
    19. Rustagi, Niharika & Akter, Sonia, 2022. "The impact of women's political representation on child health outcomes during 1990–2020: Evidence from a global dataset," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    20. Ssennono, Vincent Fred & Ntayi, Joseph M. & Buyinza, Faisal & Wasswa, Francis & Aarakit, Sylvia Manjeri & Mukiza, Chris Ndatira, 2021. "Energy poverty in Uganda: Evidence from a multidimensional approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    21. Gafa, Dede W. & Egbendewe, Aklesso Y.G., 2021. "Energy poverty in rural West Africa and its determinants: Evidence from Senegal and Togo," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    22. Radeef Chundakkadan & Subash Sasidharan, 2022. "Gender gap and access to finance: A cross‐country analysis," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 180-207, February.
    23. Cary, Michael & Bekun, Festus Victor, 2021. "Democracy and deforestation: The role of spillover effects," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    24. McGuinness, Paul B. & Vieito, João Paulo & Wang, Mingzhu, 2017. "The role of board gender and foreign ownership in the CSR performance of Chinese listed firms," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 75-99.
    25. Acheampong, Alex O. & Nghiem, Xuan-Hoa & Dzator, Janet & Rajaguru, Gulasekaran, 2023. "Promoting energy inclusiveness: Is rural energy poverty a political failure?," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    26. Anders Rydning Gaarder & Krishna C Vadlamannati, 2017. "Does democracy guarantee (de)forestation? An empirical analysis," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 20(2), pages 97-121, June.
    27. Khan, Walayet A. & Vieito, João Paulo, 2013. "Ceo gender and firm performance," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 55-66.
    28. Liu, Yonghong & Lei, Lijun & Buttner, E. Holly, 2020. "Establishing the boundary conditions for female board directors’ influence on firm performance through CSR," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 112-120.
    29. Liu, Chelsea, 2018. "Are women greener? Corporate gender diversity and environmental violations," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 118-142.
    30. Acheampong, Alex O. & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Dzator, Janet & Jiao, Zhilun, 2022. "Effects of income inequality and governance on energy poverty alleviation: Implications for sustainable development policy," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    31. Aklin, Michaël & Harish, S.P. & Urpelainen, Johannes, 2018. "A global analysis of progress in household electrification," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 421-428.
    32. Nguyen, Canh Phuc & Nasir, Muhammad Ali, 2021. "An inquiry into the nexus between energy poverty and income inequality in the light of global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    33. Ngarava, Saul & Zhou, Leocadia & Ningi, Thulani & Chari, Martin M. & Mdiya, Lwandiso, 2022. "Gender and ethnic disparities in energy poverty: The case of South Africa," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    34. Aluko, Olufemi Adewale & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Ibrahim, Muazu & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena, 2023. "Put on the light! Foreign direct investment, governance and access to electricity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Acheampong, Alex O. & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Amankwaa, Afua & Dzator, Janet, 2024. "Energy poverty and gender equality in education: Unpacking the transmission channels," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    2. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena & Manu, Sylvester Adasi, 2021. "Gender, electricity access, renewable energy consumption and energy efficiency," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Acheampong, Alex O. & Aluko, Olufemi Adewale, 2024. "Impact of rural-urban energy equality on environmental sustainability and the role of governance," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 304-335.
    4. Ren, Xingzi & Li, Jiarong & Wang, Xing & Lei, Xingfan, 2024. "Female directors and CSR: Does the presence of female directors affect CSR focus?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    5. Kara, Alper & Nanteza, Aziidah & Ozkan, Aydin & Yildiz, Yilmaz, 2022. "Board gender diversity and responsible banking during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    6. Acheampong, Alex O. & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Dogah, Kingsley E., 2023. "The political economy of energy transition: The role of globalization and governance in the adoption of clean cooking fuels and technologies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PB).
    7. Zou, Ran & Yang, Jun & Feng, Chao, 2023. "Does informatization alleviate energy poverty? A global perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    8. Saeed, Abubakr & Riaz, Hammad & Liedong, Tahiru Azaaviele & Rajwani, Tazeeb, 2022. "The impact of TMT gender diversity on corporate environmental strategy in emerging economies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 536-551.
    9. Jun Xie & Wataru Nozawa & Shunsuke Managi, 2020. "The role of women on boards in corporate environmental strategy and financial performance: A global outlook," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(5), pages 2044-2059, September.
    10. Eric Evans Osei Opoku & Kingsley E. Dogah & Nana Kwabena Kufuor & Alex O. Acheampong, 2024. "The importance of human development in combating energy poverty," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(2), pages 1189-1209, March.
    11. Altunbas, Yener & Gambacorta, Leonardo & Reghezza, Alessio & Velliscig, Giulio, 2022. "Does gender diversity in the workplace mitigate climate change?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    12. Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Acheampong, Alex O., 2023. "Energy justice and economic growth: Does democracy matter?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 160-186.
    13. Beloskar, Ved Dilip & Haldar, Arunima & Gupta, Anupama, 2024. "Gender equality and women’s empowerment: A bibliometric review of the literature on SDG 5 through the management lens," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    14. Paul B. McGuinness & João Paulo Vieito & Mingzhu Wang, 2020. "Proactive government intervention, board gender balance, and stakeholder engagement in China and Europe," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 719-762, September.
    15. Atif, Muhammad & Hossain, Mohammed & Alam, Md Samsul & Goergen, Marc, 2021. "Does board gender diversity affect renewable energy consumption?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    16. Aluko, Olufemi Adewale & Opoku, Eric Evans Osei & Ibrahim, Muazu & Kufuor, Nana Kwabena, 2023. "Put on the light! Foreign direct investment, governance and access to electricity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    17. Liu, Chelsea, 2021. "CEO gender and employee relations: Evidence from labor lawsuits," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    18. Messie Pondie, Thierry & Engwali, FON Dorothy & Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel & Noubissi Domguia, Edmond, 2024. "Energy poverty and respiratory health in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects and transmission channels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    19. Girardone, Claudia & Kokas, Sotirios & Wood, Geoffrey, 2021. "Diversity and women in finance: Challenges and future perspectives," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    20. Raphael Bruce & Alexsandros Cavgias & Luis Meloni & Mario Remigio, 2021. "Under Pressure: Women's Leadership During the COVID-19 Crisis," Working Papers, Department of Economics 2021_19, University of São Paulo (FEA-USP).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender diversity; Women in politics; Electricity; Energy poverty;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • P18 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Energy; Environment
    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324001075. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.