This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data


[ Papers | Articles | Software | Books | Chapters | Authors | Institutions | JEL Classification | NEP reports | Search | New papers by email | Author registration | Rankings | Volunteers | FAQ | Blog | Help! ]

Information about:
Catherine J. Morrison Paul

Personal Details | Affiliation | Works
This is information that was supplied by Catherine Morrison Paul in registering through RePEc. If you are Catherine J. Morrison Paul , you may change this information at RePEc. Or if you are not registered and would like to be listed as well, register at RePEc. When you register or update your RePEc registration, you may identify the papers and articles you have authored.

Other registered authors

Personal Details

First Name: Catherine
Middle Name: J.
Last Name: Morrison Paul
Suffix:

RePEc Short-ID: pmo351

Email:
Homepage:
Postal Address:
Phone:

Affiliation

(in no particular order)

Lists

This author is among the top 5% authors according to these criteria:
  1. Average Rank Score
  2. Number of Works
  3. Number of Distinct Works
  4. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  5. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  6. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors
  7. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  8. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  9. Number of Citations
  10. Number of Citations, Discounted by Citation Age
  11. Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  12. Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  13. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors
  14. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors, Discounted by Citation Age
  15. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  16. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  17. h, where author has written h papers that have each been cited at least h times.
  18. Number of Registered Citing Authors
  19. Number of Registered Citing Authors, Weighted by Rank (Max. 1 per Author)
  20. Number of Journal Pages
  21. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  22. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  23. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors
  24. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  25. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  26. Number of Abstract Views in RePEc Services over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
  27. Number of Downloads through RePEc Services over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
  28. Wu-Index

Works

| Working papers | Articles | Books | Access and download statistics | Citations (if any)| NEP Fields |
Download all references for this author: available formats: HTML (with abstracts), plain text (with abstracts), BibTeX, RIS (EndNote), ReDIF

Working papers

  1. Gillespie, J. & Nehring, R. & Hallahan, C. & Morrison-Paul, C. & Sandretto, C., 2008. "Economics and Productivity of Organic versus Non-organic Dairy Farms in the United States," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium 44415, European Association of Agricultural Economists. [Downloadable!]

  2. Catherine J. Morrison-Paul & Donald S. Siegel, 2006. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Economic Performance," Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics 0605, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Published as:

  3. Felthoven, Ronald G. & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Torres, Marcelo, 2006. "Measuring Productivity Change and Its Components for Fisheries: The Case of the Alaskan Pollock Fishery, 1994-2003," 2006 Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland, Australia 25721, International Association of Agricultural Economists. [Downloadable!]

  4. Mahmut Yasar & Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2005. "Foreign Technology Transfer and Productivity: Evidence from a Matched Sample," Emory Economics 0514, Department of Economics, Emory University (Atlanta). [Downloadable!]
    Published as:

  5. Smith, Aaron & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Goe, W. Richard & Kenney, Martin, 2004. "Computer and Internet Use by Great Plains Farmers," Working Papers 11947, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Published as:

  6. Morrison, Catherine & Nehring, Richard F. & Banker, David & Breneman, Vince, 2001. "Productivity Growth, Technological Progress, and Technical Efficiency in the Heartland and Southern Cotton States:1996-1999," 2001 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Chicago, IL 20679, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association). [Downloadable!]

  7. Kirkley, James & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Cunningham, Stephen & Catanzano, Joseph, 2001. "Technical Progress In The Sete Trawl Fishery, 1985-1999," Working Papers 11980, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  8. Cohen, Jeffrey P. & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2001. "Spatial And Supply/Demand Agglomeration Economies: An Evaluation Of State-And-Industry-Linkages In The U.S. Food System," Working Papers 11982, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  9. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2000. "Productivity And Efficiency In The U.S. Food System, Or, Might Cost Factors Support Increasing Mergers And Concentration?," Working Papers 11983, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  10. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & MacDonald, James M., 2000. "Tracing The Effects Of Agricultural Commodity Prices On Food Processing Costs," Working Papers 11987, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  11. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Ball, V. Eldon & Felthoven, Ronald G. & Nehring, Richard, 2000. "Effective Costs And Chemical Use In U.S. Agricultural Production: Benefits And Costs Of Using The Environment As A "Free" Input," Working Papers 11986, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  12. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2000. "Thoughts On Productivity, Efficiency And Capacity Utilization Measurement For Fisheries," Working Papers 11963, University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. [Downloadable!]

  13. Catherine J. MORRISON & Donald SIEGEL, 1997. "Automation Or Openness?: Technology And Trade Impacts On Costs And Labor Composition In The Food System," Department of Resource Economics Regional Research Project 965, University of Massachusetts. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  14. Morrison, C.J., 1996. "Technology, Trade and Economic Performance in the Food Industries: The Case of U.S and Australian Meat Processing," Papers 96/17, New South Wales - School of Economics.

  15. Ernst R. Berndt & Catherine J. Morrison & Larry S. Rosenblum, 1992. "High-Tech Capital Formation and Labor Composition in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: An Exploratory Analysis," NBER Working Papers 4010, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  16. Berndt, Ernst R. & Morrison, Catherine J., 1992. "High-tech capital formation and economic performance in U.S. manufacturing industries : an exploratory analysis," Working papers 3419-92., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management. [Downloadable!]
    Published as:

  17. Catherine J. Morrison & Amy Ellen Schwartz, 1992. "State Infrastructure and Productive Performance," NBER Working Papers 3981, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  18. Catherine J. Morrison, 1991. "Investment in Capital Assets and Economic Performance: The U.S. Chemicals and Primary Metals Industries in Transition," NBER Working Papers 3828, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  19. Catherine J. Morrison & Ernst R. Berndt, 1991. "Assessing the Productivity of Information Technology Equipment in U.S. Manufacturing Industries," NBER Working Papers 3582, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  20. Catherine J. Morrison, 1990. "Market Power, Economic Profitability and Productivity Growth Measurement: An Integrated Structural Approach," NBER Working Papers 3355, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  21. Catherine J. Morrison, 1989. "Markup Behavior in Durable and Nondurable Manufacturing: A production Theory Approach," NBER Working Papers 2941, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  22. Catherine J. Morrison, 1989. "Markups in U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing: A Short Run Econometric Analysis," NBER Working Papers 2799, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  23. Catherine J. Morrison, 1989. "Unraveling the Productivity Growth Slowdown in the U.S., Canada and Japan: The Effects of Subequilibrium, Scale Economies and Markup," NBER Working Papers 2993, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  24. Catherine J. Morrison & W.E. Diewert, 1987. "Productivity Growth and Changes in the Terms of Trade in Japan and the U.S," NBER Working Papers 1848, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  25. Klaus Conrad & Catherine J. Morrison, 1985. "The Impact of Pollution Abatement Investment on Productivity Change: AnEmpirical Comparison of the U.S., Germany, and Canada," NBER Working Papers 1763, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  26. W.E. Diewert & Catherine J. Morrison, 1985. "Adjusting Output and Productivity Indexes for Changes in the Terms of Trade," NBER Working Papers 1564, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  27. Catherine J. Morrison, 1985. "Productivity Measurement with Nonstatic Expectations and Varying Capacity Utilization: An Integrated Approach," NBER Working Papers 1561, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

  28. Catherine J. Morrison, 1985. "On the Economic Interpretation and Measurement of Optimal Capacity Utilization with Anticipatory Expectations," NBER Working Papers 1536, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Published as:

Articles

  1. Yasar, Mahmut & Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2008. "Capital-skill complementarity, productivity and wages: Evidence from plant-level data for a developing country," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  2. Cohen, Jeffrey P. & Morrison Paul, Catherine, 2008. "Agglomeration and Cost Economies for Washington State Hospital Services," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 553-564, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  3. Yasar, Mahmut & Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2008. "Foreign Technology Transfer and Productivity: Evidence From a Matched Sample," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 26, pages 105-112, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  4. Yasar, Mahmut & Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2007. "International linkages and productivity at the plant level: Foreign direct investment, exports, imports and licensing," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(2), pages 373-388, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  5. Mahmut Yasar & Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2007. "Firm Performance and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Transition Economies," Economics Bulletin, Economics Bulletin, vol. 15(21), pages 1-11. [Downloadable!]

  6. Jeffrey P. Cohen & Catherine Morrison Paul, 2007. "The Impacts Of Transportation Infrastructure On Property Values: A Higher-Order Spatial Econometrics Approach," Journal of Regional Science, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(3), pages 457-478. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  7. Catherine M. Paul & Donald Siegel, 2006. "Corporate social responsibility and economic performance," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 207-211, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  8. Torres, Marcelo & Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2006. "Driving forces for consolidation or fragmentation of the US water utility industry: A cost function approach with endogenous output," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(1), pages 104-120, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  9. Chapple, Wendy & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Harris, Richard, 2005. "Manufacturing and corporate environmental responsibility: cost implications of voluntary waste minimisation," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 347-373, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  10. Cohen, Jeffrey P. & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2005. "Agglomeration economies and industry location decisions: the impacts of spatial and industrial spillovers," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 215-237, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  11. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Nehring, Richard, 2005. "Product diversification, production systems, and economic performance in U.S. agricultural production," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 126(2), pages 525-548, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  12. Ronald G. Felthoven & Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2004. "Multi-Output, Nonfrontier Primal Measures of Capacity and Capacity Utilization," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, American Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 86(3), pages 619-633, 08. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  13. James Kirkley & Catherine Morrison Paul & Stephen Cunningham & Joseph Catanzano, 2004. "Embodied and Disembodied Technical Change in Fisheries: An Analysis of the Sète Trawl Fishery, 1985–1999," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 29(2), pages 191-217, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  14. Jeffrey P. Cohen & Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2004. "Public Infrastructure Investment, Interstate Spatial Spillovers, and Manufacturing Costs," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 86(2), pages 551-560, 08. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  15. Kirkley, James & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Squires, Dale, 2004. "Deterministic and Stochastic Capacity Estimation for Fishery Capacity Reduction," Marine Resource Economics, Marine Resources Foundation, vol. 19(3). [Downloadable!]

  16. Catherine J. Morrison Paul & Richard Nehring & David Banker, 2004. "Productivity, Economies, and Efficiency in U.S. Agriculture: A Look at Contracts," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, American Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 86(5), pages 1308-1314, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  17. Smith, Aaron & Goe, W. Richard & Kemey, Martin & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2004. "Computer and Internet Use by Great Plains Farmers," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 29(03), December. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  18. Catherine J. Morrison Paul & James M. MacDonald, 2003. "Tracing the Effects of Agricultural Commodity Prices and Food Costs," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, American Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 85(3), pages 633-646, 08. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  19. Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2003. "Cost Economies: A Driving Force for Consolidation and Concentration?," Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Association, vol. 70(1), pages 110-127, July.

  20. Cohen, Jeffrey P. & Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2003. "Airport infrastructure spillovers in a network system," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(3), pages 459-473, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  21. Jeffrey P. Cohen & Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2003. "Spatial and supply/demand agglomeration economies: State- and industry-linkages in the U.S. food system," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 28(4), pages 733-751, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  22. James Kirkley & Catherine Morrison Paul & Dale Squires, 2002. "Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Common-pool Resource Industries," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 22(1), pages 71-97, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  23. Morrison Paul, Catherine J., 2002. "Supply and demand-driven spillovers and productivity growth," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 285-304, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  24. Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2001. "Cost Economies And Market Power: The Case Of The U.S. Meat Packing Industry," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 83(3), pages 531-540, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  25. Paul, Catherine J Morrison & Siegel, Donald S, 2001. " The Impacts of Technology, Trade and Outsourcing on Employment and Labor Composition," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 103(2), pages 241-64, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  26. Catherine J. Morrison Paul & Warren E. Johnston & Gerald A. G. Frengley, 2000. "Efficiency in New Zealand Sheep and Beef Farming: The Impacts of Regulatory Reform," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 82(2), pages 325-337, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  27. Catherine J. Morrison, 2000. "Assessing The Productivity Of Information Technology Equipment In U.S. Manufacturing Industries," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 79(3), pages 471-481, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  28. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 1999. "Production Structure And Trends In The U.S. Meat And Poultry Products Industries," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 24(02), December. [Downloadable!]

  29. Catherine J. Morrison Paul & Donald S. Siegel, 1999. "Scale Economies and Industry Agglomeration Externalities: A Dynamic Cost Function Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(1), pages 272-290, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  30. Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 1999. "Scale Effects and Mark-ups in the US Food and Fibre Industries: Capital Investment and Import Penetration Impacts," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(1), pages 64-82. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  31. Catherine J. Morrison & Donald Siegel, 1997. "External Capital Factors And Increasing Returns In U.S. Manufacturing," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 79(4), pages 647-654, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  32. Morrison, Catherine J & Schwartz, Amy Ellen, 1996. "Public Infrastructure, Private Input Demand, and Economic Performance in New England Manufacturing," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 14(1), pages 91-101, January.

  33. Morrison, Catherine J & Schwartz, Amy Ellen, 1996. "State Infrastructure and Productive Performance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(5), pages 1095-1111, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  34. Catherine J. Morrison & Donald Siegel, 1996. "Scale and Aggregation Effects in U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence on Returns to Capital," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 29(s1), pages 570-75, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  35. Berndt, Ernst R. & Morrison, Catherine J., 1995. "High-tech capital formation and economic performance in U.S. manufacturing industries An exploratory analysis," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 9-43, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  36. Morrison, C J, 1994. "The Cyclical Nature of Markups in Canadian Manufacturing: A Production Theory Approach," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 9(3), pages 269-82, July-Sept. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  37. Morrison, Catherine J, 1993. "Investment in Capital Assets and Economic Performance: The U.S. Chemicals and Primary-Metals Industries in Transition," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 11(1), pages 45-60, January.
    Other versions:

  38. Morrison, Catherine J, 1992. "Markups in U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing: A Short-Run Econometric Analysis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 10(1), pages 51-63, January.
    Other versions:

  39. Morrison, Catherine J, 1992. "Unraveling the Productivity Growth Slowdown in the United States, Canada and Japan: The Effects of Subequilibrium, Scale Economies and Markups," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 74(3), pages 381-93, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  40. Morrison, Catherine, 1988. "Subequilibrium in the North American Steel Industries: A Study of Short Run Biases from Regulation and Utilisation Fluctuations," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 98(391), pages 390-411, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  41. Morrison, Catherine J, 1988. "Quasi-Fixed Inputs in U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing: A Generalized Leontief Restricted Cost Function Approach," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 70(2), pages 275-87, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  42. Morrison, Catherine J., 1986. "Productivity measurement with non-static expectations and varying capacity utilization : An integrated approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1-2), pages 51-74. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  43. Diewart, W Erwin & Morrison, Catherine J, 1986. "Adjusting Output and Productivity Indexes for Changes in the Terms of Trade," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 96(383), pages 659-79, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  44. Morrison, Catherine J, 1986. "Structural Models of Dynamic Factor Demands with Nonstatic Expectations: An Empirical Assessment of Alternative Expectations Specifications," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 27(2), pages 365-86, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  45. Morrison, Catherine J, 1985. "On the Economic Interpretation and Measurement of Optimal Capacity Utilization with Anticipatory Expectations," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 52(2), pages 295-310, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  46. Morrison, Catherine J, 1985. "Primal and Dual Capacity Utilization: An Application to Productivity Measurement in the U.S. Automobile Industry," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 3(4), pages 312-24, October.

  47. Berndt, Ernst R & Morrison, Catherine J, 1981. "Capacity Utilization Measures: Underlying Economic Theory and an Alternative Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 71(2), pages 48-52, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  48. Morrison, C. J. & Berndt, E. R., 1981. "Short-run labor productivity in a dynamic model," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 339-365, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

Books

  1. Paul, Catherine J. Morrison, 2000. "Cost Economies and Market Power in U.S. Beef Packing," Monographs, University of California, Davis, Giannini Foundation, number 11934. [Downloadable!]

NEP Fields

4 papers by this author were announced in NEP, and specifically in the following field reports (number of papers):
  1. NEP-EFF: Efficiency & Productivity (3) 2001-06-08 2005-04-16 2008-11-25 Author is listed
  2. NEP-SOC: Social Norms & Social Capital (1) 2006-06-03 Author is listed
  3. NEP-TID: Technology & Industrial Dynamics (1) 2005-04-16 Author is listed
Did you know? Data contributors to RePEc receive monthly emails with details about downloads and abstract views of their works.

This page was last updated on 2009-11-5.

This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Department of Economics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut using RePEc data on a server sponsored by the Society for Economic Dynamics.