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On the Origins of the State: Stationary Bandits and Taxation in Eastern Congo

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Santiago P√©rez-Cardona, 2022. "Let the rebels rule? Evidence on the economic effects of rebel governance in Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19941, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  2. Cédric Chambru & Emeric Henry & Benjamin Marx, 2024. "The Dynamic Consequences of State Building: Evidence from the French Revolution," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 114(11), pages 3578-3622, November.
  3. repec:cam:camjip:2426 is not listed on IDEAS
  4. Alex Yeandle, 2025. "Digitalisation and the politics of tax in low-income states," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2025-81, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  5. Vogel, Christoph N., 2025. "Nonconventional Logistics: Rebellion, Resources and Rationalities in eastern Congo," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
  6. Siwan Anderson & Chris Bidner, 2021. "An Institutional Perspective on the Economics of the Family," Discussion Papers dp21-14, Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University.
  7. Denis Cogneau & Zhexun Mo, 2024. "Enforcing Colonial Rule: Blood Tax and Head Tax in French West Africa," World Inequality Lab Working Papers halshs-04934585, HAL.
  8. Nikita Melnikov & Carlos Schmidt‐Padilla & María Micaela Sviatschi, 2025. "Gangs, Labor Mobility, and Development," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 93(6), pages 2083-2121, November.
  9. Fetzer, Thiemo & Vanden Eynde, Oliver & Wright, Austin L., 2026. "Team production on the battlefield: Evidence from NATO in Afghanistan," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
  10. Nicole Stoelinga, 2024. "Cultivation and competition in Colombia: Disentangling the effects of coca price changes on violence," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(2), pages 1007-1042, March.
  11. Abraham Aldama, 2022. "A theory of social programs, legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the state," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(4), pages 495-507, July.
  12. Leopoldo Fergusson & Horacio Larreguy & Juan Felipe Riaño, 2022. "Political Competition and State Capacity: Evidence from a Land Allocation Program in Mexico," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 132(648), pages 2815-2834.
  13. Michael Callen & Jonathan L. Weigel & Noam Yuchtman, 2024. "Experiments About Institutions," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 16(1), pages 105-131, August.
  14. Ryan H. Murphy & Colin O’Reilly, 2023. "Freedom through taxation: the effect of fiscal capacity on the rule of law," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 69-90, August.
  15. Christopher Blattman & Gustavo Duncan & Benjamin Lessing & Santiago Tobón, 2025. "Gang Rule: Understanding and Countering Criminal Governance," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 92(3), pages 1497-1531.
  16. Jacob N. Shapiro & Oliver Vanden Eynde, 2023. "Fiscal Incentives for Conflict: Evidence from India's Red Corridor," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 105(1), pages 217-225, January.
  17. Poignant, Adrian, 2023. "Small-scale mining and agriculture: Evidence from northwestern Tanzania," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  18. Odmaa Narantungalag, 2025. "Large‐Scale Mining and Local Impacts: Evidence From Mongolia," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 69(2), pages 265-280, April.
  19. Agneman, Gustav, 2025. "Conflict victimization shapes norms of rule compliance: Evidence from Colombia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
  20. Maleke Fourati & Victoire Girard & Jeremy Laurent-Lucchetti, 2021. "Sexual violence as a weapon of war," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2103, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  21. Mahdi Fawaz & Donatella Gatti, 2025. "Social Unrest and Environmental Performance," Working Papers hal-05021482, HAL.
  22. repec:osf:socarx:5nyqs_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  23. Richard, Marion & Vanden Eynde, Oliver, 2026. "Cooperation between national armies: Evidence from the Sahel borders," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
  24. Nicol√°s de Roux & Luis MartÔøΩnez, 2021. "Inversi√≥n Perdida: Conflicto Civil y Cr√©dito Agr√≠cola en Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19622, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  25. Zareh Asatryan & Thushyanthan Baskaran & Carlo Birkholz & Patrick Hufschmidt, 2024. "The regional economics of mineral resource wealth in Africa," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 91(364), pages 1424-1453, October.
  26. Blumenstock, Joshua & Callen, Michael & Faikina, Anastasiia & Fiorin, Stefano & Ghani, Tarek, 2023. "Strengthening Fragile States: Evidence from Mobile Salary Payments in Afghanistan," CEPR Discussion Papers 18254, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  27. Blattman, Christopher & Duncan, Gustavo & Lessing, Benjamin & Tobon, Santiago, 2022. "State-building on the Margin: An Urban Experiment in Medellín," SocArXiv 3bncz, Center for Open Science.
  28. Shelley Liu, 2025. "Varieties of insecurity and rebel-civilian ties across time: Evidence from post-war Zimbabwe," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2025-6, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  29. Nino, Gustavo & Baylis, Kathy & Crost, Benjamin, 2022. "Conflict and Small-scale Investment: Evidence from Colombia Peace Agreement," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322323, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  30. Laville,Camille & Mandon,Pierre Jean-Claude, 2023. "Internal Conflicts and Shocks. A Narrative Meta-Analysis," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10315, The World Bank.
  31. Olsson, Ola & Baaz, Maria Eriksson & Martinsson, Peter, 2020. "Fiscal capacity in “post”-conflict states: Evidence from trade on Congo river," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
  32. Sally Sharif & Ilia Murtazashvili & Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili, 2026. "Rebel victory and constitutional change," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 207(1), pages 297-319, April.
  33. Naudé, Wim & Amorós, Ernesto & Brück, Tilman, 2023. "State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers 15946, IZA Network @ LISER.
  34. Barrett, Philip, 2022. "The fiscal cost of conflict: Evidence from Afghanistan 2005–2017," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  35. Arntz, Melanie & Findeisen, Sebastian & Maurer, Stephan & Schlenker, Oliver, 2024. "Are we yet sick of new technologies? The unequal health effects of digitalization," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 126827, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  36. Soeren J. Henn & Gauthier Marchais & Christian Mastaki Mugaruka & Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra, 2024. "Indirect rule: armed groups and customary chiefs in eastern DRC," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2024-18, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  37. Gustav Agneman, 2022. "Conflict Victimization and Civilian Obedience: Evidence from Colombia," HiCN Working Papers 379, Households in Conflict Network.
  38. Alexandra Avdeenko & Jakob Gärtner & Marc Gillaizeau & Ghida Karbala & Laura Montenbruck & Giulia Montresor & Atika Pasha & Galina Zudenkova, 2025. "The Power of Faith: Effects of an Imam-led Information Campaign on Labor Supply and Social Interactions," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2025_621, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
  39. Lewis, Janet I., 2023. "Rebel group formation in Africa: Evidence from a new dataset," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
  40. repec:unl:unlfep:wp2507 is not listed on IDEAS
  41. Camille Laville & Pierre Mandon, 2025. "Internal conflicts and shocks: A narrative meta-analysis," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 62(4), pages 1159-1175, July.
  42. Nicol√°s de Roux & Luis Roberto MartÔøΩnez, 2021. "Forgone Investment: Civil Conflict and Agricultural Credit in Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19236, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  43. Mueller,Hannes Felix & Techasunthornwat,Chanon, 2020. "Conflict and Poverty," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9455, The World Bank.
  44. Victoire Girard & Edouard Pignede, 2026. "Artisanal mining and urbanization in Africa," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp678, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
  45. Pablo Slutzky & Stefan Zeume, 2024. "Organized Crime and Firms: Evidence from Antimafia Enforcement Actions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(10), pages 6569-6596, October.
  46. Saavedra, Santiago & Romero, Mauricio, 2021. "Local incentives and national tax evasion: The response of illegal mining to a tax reform in Colombia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  47. repec:hal:cepnwp:hal-05021482 is not listed on IDEAS
  48. Michael Callen & Saad Gulzar & Arman Rezaee & Jacob N. Shapiro, 2024. "Extending the formal state: the case of Pakistan's Frontier Crimes Regulation," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 91(363), pages 701-718, July.
  49. Alessandro Belmonte & Desiree Teobaldelli & Davide Ticchi, 2024. "Expected foreign military intervention and demand for state-building: evidence from Mali," Working Papers 493, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (I), Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali.
  50. Andrew Saab, 2025. "Conflict relocation and blood diamond policy shifts," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 62(6), pages 1733-1749, November.
  51. Antonella Bandiera & Lelys Dinarte-Diaz & Juan Miguel Jimenez & Sandra V. Rozo & Maria Micaela Sviatschi, 2023. "Rebel Governance and Development: The Persistent Effects of Distrust in El Salvador," HiCN Working Papers 383, Households in Conflict Network.
  52. repec:cup:jinsec:v:21:y:2025:i::p:-_2 is not listed on IDEAS
  53. Mahdi FAWAZ, 2020. "Ressources naturelles et guerres civiles au Moyen-Orient," Bordeaux Economics Working Papers 2020-09, Bordeaux School of Economics (BSE).
  54. Esteban Muñoz-Sobrado & Amedeo Piolatto & Antoine Zerbini & Federica Braccioli, 2024. "The taxing challenges of the state: Unveiling the role of fiscal & administrative capacity in development," Working Papers 2024/05, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
  55. Neu, Dean, 2023. "Fragile assets: Street gangs and the extortion business," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  56. Hanai, Kazuyo, 2021. "Conflict minerals regulation and mechanism changes in the DR Congo," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  57. Adamson, Jordan, 2025. "Trade and the rise of ancient Greek city-states," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
  58. Vesco, Paola & Baliki, Ghassan & Brück, Tilman & Döring, Stefan & Eriksson, Anneli & Fjelde, Hanne & Guha-Sapir, Debarati & Hall, Jonathan & Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Leis, Maxine R. & Mueller, Hannes & , 2025. "The impacts of armed conflict on human development: A review of the literature," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  59. repec:unl:unlfep:wp2601 is not listed on IDEAS
  60. Luca Moreno-Louzada & Guilherme Figueira & Pedro Picchetti, 2025. "Microfoundations and the Causal Interpretation of Price-Exposure Designs," Papers 2512.10076, arXiv.org.
  61. Pereira, Leila & Pucci, Rafael, 2026. "A tale of gold and blood: The consequences of market deregulation on local violence," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  62. Downey, Mitch, 2021. "Did the war on terror deter ungoverned spaces? Not in Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  63. Okoye, Dozie & Pandey, Sujita, 2024. "Welfare comparisons within countries beyond GDP: An application to Nigeria," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  64. Laura Mayoral & Hannes Mueller, 2025. "Rents, rules, or revolution: A survey of institutional pathways to peace," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 40(123), pages 721-759.
  65. Carolyn Chisadza & Matthew Clance & Rangan Gupta & Mark E. Wohar, 2024. "Giant oil discoveries and conflicts," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(6), pages 15681-15710, June.
  66. Christian S. Otchia & Oasis Kodila-Tedika, 2026. "The political economy of the state of siege in the Democratic Republic of Congo," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(3), pages 452-475, April.
  67. Victoire Girard & Teresa Molina-Mill n & Guillaume Vic, 2022. "Artisanal mining in Africa," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2201, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  68. Bandiera,Antonella Agostina & Dinarte Diaz,Lelys Ileana & Jimenez,Juan Miguel & Rozo Villarraga,Sandra Viviana & Sviatschi,Maria Micaela, 2022. "Rebel Governance and Development: The Persistent Effects of Guerrillas in El Salvador," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10222, The World Bank.
  69. Agneman, Gustav & Cappelen, Christoffer & Brandt, Kasper & Sjöberg, David, 2025. "The uneven reach of the state: A novel approach to mapping local state presence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  70. Galindo-Silva, Hector, 2021. "Political openness and armed conflict: Evidence from local councils in Colombia," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  71. Victoire Girard & Nicolas Berman & Mathieu Couttenier, 2020. "Natural resources and the salience of ethnic identities," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2007, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  72. Crost, Benjamin & Felter, Joseph H. & Yamasaki, Yoko, 2025. "Labor intensity, market structure, and the effect of economic activities on civil conflict," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  73. Ceriani, Lidia & Lopez-Calva, Luis-Felipe & Restrepo Oyola, Samuel David, 2025. "Territorial Inequalities : A Note on State Discontinuity," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11139, The World Bank.
  74. Sekeris, Petros G. & Siqueira, Kevin, 2024. "Conflict and returns to scale in production," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  75. Mathieu Couttenier & Julian Marcoux & Thierry Mayer & Mathias Thoenig, 2024. "The Gravity of Violence," Sciences Po Economics Discussion Papers hal-04748012, HAL.
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