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On the Origins of the State: Stationary Bandits and Taxation in Eastern Congo

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Santiago P√©rez-Cardona, 2022. "Let the rebels rule? Evidence on the economic effects of rebel governance in Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19941, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  2. Cédric Chambru & Emeric Henry & Benjamin Marx, 2024. "The Dynamic Consequences of State Building: Evidence from the French Revolution," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 114(11), pages 3578-3622, November.
  3. repec:cam:camjip:2426 is not listed on IDEAS
  4. Alex Yeandle, 2025. "Digitalisation and the politics of tax in low-income states," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2025-81, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  5. Leopoldo Fergusson & Horacio Larreguy & Juan Felipe Riaño, 2022. "Political Competition and State Capacity: Evidence from a Land Allocation Program in Mexico," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 132(648), pages 2815-2834.
  6. Vogel, Christoph N., 2025. "Nonconventional Logistics: Rebellion, Resources and Rationalities in eastern Congo," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
  7. Belmonte, Alessandro & Magnani, Michele, 2025. "Containment or bad detection? Poor state capacity implications on reported Covid-19 cases," Journal of Institutional Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 21, pages 1-1, January.
  8. Siwan Anderson & Chris Bidner, 2021. "An Institutional Perspective on the Economics of the Family," Discussion Papers dp21-14, Department of Economics, Simon Fraser University.
  9. Cogneau, Denis & Mo, Zhexun, 2024. "Enforcing Colonial Rule: Blood Tax and Head Tax in French West Africa," SocArXiv 7wnsz, Center for Open Science.
  10. Mahdi FAWAZ, 2020. "Ressources naturelles et guerres civiles au Moyen-Orient," Bordeaux Economics Working Papers 2020-09, Bordeaux School of Economics (BSE).
  11. Esteban Muñoz-Sobrado & Amedeo Piolatto & Antoine Zerbini & Federica Braccioli, 2024. "The taxing challenges of the state: Unveiling the role of fiscal & administrative capacity in development," Working Papers 2024/05, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
  12. Neu, Dean, 2023. "Fragile assets: Street gangs and the extortion business," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  13. Nikita Melnikov & Carlos Schmidt‐Padilla & María Micaela Sviatschi, 2025. "Gangs, Labor Mobility, and Development," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 93(6), pages 2083-2121, November.
  14. Hanai, Kazuyo, 2021. "Conflict minerals regulation and mechanism changes in the DR Congo," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  15. Fetzer, Thiemo & Vanden Eynde, Oliver & Wright, Austin L., 2026. "Team production on the battlefield: Evidence from NATO in Afghanistan," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
  16. Nicole Stoelinga, 2024. "Cultivation and competition in Colombia: Disentangling the effects of coca price changes on violence," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(2), pages 1007-1042, March.
  17. Abraham Aldama, 2022. "A theory of social programs, legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the state," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(4), pages 495-507, July.
  18. Jacob N. Shapiro & Oliver Vanden Eynde, 2023. "Fiscal Incentives for Conflict: Evidence from India's Red Corridor," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 105(1), pages 217-225, January.
  19. Adamson, Jordan, 2025. "Trade and the rise of ancient Greek city-states," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
  20. Vesco, Paola & Baliki, Ghassan & Brück, Tilman & Döring, Stefan & Eriksson, Anneli & Fjelde, Hanne & Guha-Sapir, Debarati & Hall, Jonathan & Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Leis, Maxine R. & Mueller, Hannes & , 2025. "The impacts of armed conflict on human development: A review of the literature," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  21. repec:unl:unlfep:wp2601 is not listed on IDEAS
  22. Luca Moreno-Louzada & Guilherme Figueira & Pedro Picchetti, 2025. "Microfoundations and the Causal Interpretation of Price-Exposure Designs," Papers 2512.10076, arXiv.org.
  23. Michael Callen & Jonathan L. Weigel & Noam Yuchtman, 2024. "Experiments About Institutions," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 16(1), pages 105-131, August.
  24. Ryan H. Murphy & Colin O’Reilly, 2023. "Freedom through taxation: the effect of fiscal capacity on the rule of law," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 69-90, August.
  25. Pereira, Leila & Pucci, Rafael, 2026. "A tale of gold and blood: The consequences of market deregulation on local violence," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  26. Christopher Blattman & Gustavo Duncan & Benjamin Lessing & Santiago Tobón, 2025. "Gang Rule: Understanding and Countering Criminal Governance," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 92(3), pages 1497-1531.
  27. Downey, Mitch, 2021. "Did the war on terror deter ungoverned spaces? Not in Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  28. Poignant, Adrian, 2023. "Small-scale mining and agriculture: Evidence from northwestern Tanzania," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  29. Odmaa Narantungalag, 2025. "Large‐Scale Mining and Local Impacts: Evidence From Mongolia," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 69(2), pages 265-280, April.
  30. Agneman, Gustav, 2025. "Conflict victimization shapes norms of rule compliance: Evidence from Colombia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
  31. Maleke Fourati & Victoire Girard & Jeremy Laurent-Lucchetti, 2021. "Sexual violence as a weapon of war," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2103, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  32. repec:osf:socarx:5nyqs_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  33. Marion Richard & Oliver Vanden Eynde, 2025. "Cooperation between National Armies: Evidence from the Sahel borders," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2507, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  34. Nicol√°s de Roux & Luis MartÔøΩnez, 2021. "Inversi√≥n Perdida: Conflicto Civil y Cr√©dito Agr√≠cola en Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19622, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  35. Okoye, Dozie & Pandey, Sujita, 2024. "Welfare comparisons within countries beyond GDP: An application to Nigeria," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  36. Laura Mayoral & Hannes Mueller, 2025. "Rents, Rules or Revolution: A Survey of Institutional Pathways to Peace," Working Papers 1511, Barcelona School of Economics.
  37. Zareh Asatryan & Thushyanthan Baskaran & Carlo Birkholz & Patrick Hufschmidt, 2024. "The regional economics of mineral resource wealth in Africa," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 91(364), pages 1424-1453, October.
  38. Blumenstock, Joshua & Callen, Michael & Faikina, Anastasiia & Fiorin, Stefano & Ghani, Tarek, 2023. "Strengthening Fragile States: Evidence from Mobile Salary Payments in Afghanistan," CEPR Discussion Papers 18254, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  39. Blattman, Christopher & Duncan, Gustavo & Lessing, Benjamin & Tobon, Santiago, 2022. "State-building on the Margin: An Urban Experiment in Medellín," SocArXiv 3bncz, Center for Open Science.
  40. Shelley Liu, 2025. "Varieties of insecurity and rebel-civilian ties across time: Evidence from post-war Zimbabwe," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2025-6, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  41. Nino, Gustavo & Baylis, Kathy & Crost, Benjamin, 2022. "Conflict and Small-scale Investment: Evidence from Colombia Peace Agreement," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322323, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  42. Melanie Arntz & Sebastian Findeisen & Stephan Maurer & Oliver Schlenker, 2024. "Are we yet sick of new technologies? The unequal health effects of digitalization," CEP Discussion Papers dp1984, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  43. Carolyn Chisadza & Matthew Clance & Rangan Gupta & Mark E. Wohar, 2024. "Giant oil discoveries and conflicts," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(6), pages 15681-15710, June.
  44. Laville,Camille & Mandon,Pierre Jean-Claude, 2023. "Internal Conflicts and Shocks. A Narrative Meta-Analysis," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10315, The World Bank.
  45. Christian S. Otchia & Oasis Kodila-Tedika, 2026. "The political economy of the state of siege in the Democratic Republic of Congo," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(3), pages 452-475, April.
  46. Victoire Girard & Teresa Molina-Mill n & Guillaume Vic, 2022. "Artisanal mining in Africa," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2201, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  47. Olsson, Ola & Baaz, Maria Eriksson & Martinsson, Peter, 2020. "Fiscal capacity in “post”-conflict states: Evidence from trade on Congo river," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
  48. Naudé, Wim & Amorós, Ernesto & Brück, Tilman, 2023. "State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers 15946, IZA Network @ LISER.
  49. Barrett, Philip, 2022. "The fiscal cost of conflict: Evidence from Afghanistan 2005–2017," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  50. Michael Callen & Saad Gulzar & Arman Rezaee & Jacob N. Shapiro, 2024. "Extending the formal state: the case of Pakistan's Frontier Crimes Regulation," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 91(363), pages 701-718, July.
  51. Bandiera,Antonella Agostina & Dinarte Diaz,Lelys Ileana & Jimenez,Juan Miguel & Rozo Villarraga,Sandra Viviana & Sviatschi,Maria Micaela, 2022. "Rebel Governance and Development: The Persistent Effects of Guerrillas in El Salvador," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10222, The World Bank.
  52. Soeren J. Henn & Gauthier Marchais & Christian Mastaki Mugaruka & Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra, 2024. "Indirect rule: armed groups and customary chiefs in eastern DRC," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2024-18, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  53. Gustav Agneman, 2022. "Conflict Victimization and Civilian Obedience: Evidence from Colombia," HiCN Working Papers 379, Households in Conflict Network.
  54. Alexandra Avdeenko & Jakob Gärtner & Marc Gillaizeau & Ghida Karbala & Laura Montenbruck & Giulia Montresor & Atika Pasha & Galina Zudenkova, 2025. "The Power of Faith: Effects of an Imam-led Information Campaign on Labor Supply and Social Interactions," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2025_621, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
  55. Lewis, Janet I., 2023. "Rebel group formation in Africa: Evidence from a new dataset," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
  56. Agneman, Gustav & Cappelen, Christoffer & Brandt, Kasper & Sjöberg, David, 2025. "The uneven reach of the state: A novel approach to mapping local state presence," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  57. Richard, Marion & Vanden Eynde, Oliver, 2023. "Cooperation between National Armies: Evidence from the Sahel borders," CEPR Discussion Papers 18674, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  58. repec:unl:unlfep:wp2507 is not listed on IDEAS
  59. Camille Laville & Pierre Mandon, 2025. "Internal conflicts and shocks: A narrative meta-analysis," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 62(4), pages 1159-1175, July.
  60. Nicol√°s de Roux & Luis Roberto MartÔøΩnez, 2021. "Forgone Investment: Civil Conflict and Agricultural Credit in Colombia," Documentos CEDE 19236, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  61. Mueller,Hannes Felix & Techasunthornwat,Chanon, 2020. "Conflict and Poverty," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9455, The World Bank.
  62. Galindo-Silva, Hector, 2021. "Political openness and armed conflict: Evidence from local councils in Colombia," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  63. Victoire Girard & Edouard Pignede, 2026. "Artisanal mining and urbanization in Africa," Nova SBE Working Paper Series wp678, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics.
  64. Pablo Slutzky & Stefan Zeume, 2024. "Organized Crime and Firms: Evidence from Antimafia Enforcement Actions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(10), pages 6569-6596, October.
  65. Saavedra, Santiago & Romero, Mauricio, 2021. "Local incentives and national tax evasion: The response of illegal mining to a tax reform in Colombia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  66. Victoire Girard & Nicolas Berman & Mathieu Couttenier, 2020. "Natural resources and the salience of ethnic identities," NOVAFRICA Working Paper Series wp2007, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, NOVAFRICA.
  67. Crost, Benjamin & Felter, Joseph H. & Yamasaki, Yoko, 2025. "Labor intensity, market structure, and the effect of economic activities on civil conflict," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  68. Ceriani, Lidia & Lopez-Calva, Luis-Felipe & Restrepo Oyola, Samuel David, 2025. "Territorial Inequalities : A Note on State Discontinuity," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11139, The World Bank.
  69. Denis Cogneau & Zhexun Mo, 2025. "Enforcing Colonial Rule: Blood Tax and Head Tax in French West Africa," PSE Working Papers halshs-04823289, HAL.
  70. repec:hal:cepnwp:hal-05021482 is not listed on IDEAS
  71. Alessandro Belmonte & Desiree Teobaldelli & Davide Ticchi, 2024. "Expected foreign military intervention and demand for state-building: evidence from Mali," Working Papers 493, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (I), Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali.
  72. Andrew Saab, 2025. "Conflict relocation and blood diamond policy shifts," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 62(6), pages 1733-1749, November.
  73. Sekeris, Petros G. & Siqueira, Kevin, 2024. "Conflict and returns to scale in production," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  74. Mathieu Couttenier & Julian Marcoux & Thierry Mayer & Mathias Thoenig, 2024. "The Gravity of Violence," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-04748012, HAL.
  75. Antonella Bandiera & Lelys Dinarte-Diaz & Juan Miguel Jimenez & Sandra V. Rozo & Maria Micaela Sviatschi, 2023. "Rebel Governance and Development: The Persistent Effects of Distrust in El Salvador," HiCN Working Papers 383, Households in Conflict Network.
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