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The wages of social responsibility — where are they? A critical review of ESG investing

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Cited by:

  1. Shanaev, Savva & Ghimire, Binam, 2022. "When ESG meets AAA: The effect of ESG rating changes on stock returns," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PA).
  2. Rui Coelho & Shital Jayantilal & Joao J. Ferreira, 2023. "The impact of social responsibility on corporate financial performance: A systematic literature review," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 1535-1560, July.
  3. Timár, Barnabás, 2023. "A klímavédelmi események hatása a köztudatra és a tőkepiacra. Empirikus vizsgálat Google-trends- és ETF-adatokon [The impact of climate events on public perception and capital markets. An empirical," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(7), pages 713-745.
  4. Biasin, Massimo & Cerqueti, Roy & Giacomini, Emanuela & Marinelli, Nicoletta & Quaranta, Anna Grazia & Riccetti, Luca, 2022. "Clusters of social impact firms: A complex network approach," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
  5. Michael Shafer & Edward Szado, 2020. "Environmental, social, and governance practices and perceived tail risk," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(4), pages 4195-4224, December.
  6. Claire Economidou & Dimitrios Gounopoulos & Dimitrios Konstantios & Emmanuel Tsiritakis, 2023. "Is sustainability rating material to the market?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 52(1), pages 127-179, March.
  7. Frederique Bardinet Evraert & Serge Evraert, 2019. "Do the ESG scores help to select the most successful companies?," Post-Print hal-03227627, HAL.
  8. Yubo Guo & Chuan Chen & Xiaowei Luo & Igor Martek, 2025. "Critical drivers and barriers of digital twin adoption in water infrastructure: An environmental, social, governance, and financial perspective," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(2), pages 1623-1648, April.
  9. Qingqing Zhao & Xintao Li & Siqi Li, 2023. "Analyzing the Relationship between Digital Transformation Strategy and ESG Performance in Large Manufacturing Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Green Innovation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, June.
  10. Gao, Yang & Li, Yangyang & Zhao, Chengjie & Wang, Yaojun, 2022. "Risk spillover analysis across worldwide ESG stock markets: New evidence from the frequency-domain," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
  11. Jedynak Tomasz, 2017. "Is it Worth Being Good? – The Efficiency and Risk of Socially Responsible Investing in Light of Various Empirical Studies," Financial Internet Quarterly (formerly e-Finanse), Sciendo, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, September.
  12. Gianpaolo Iazzolino & Maria Elena Bruni & Stefania Veltri & Donato Morea & Giovanni Baldissarro, 2023. "The impact of ESG factors on financial efficiency: An empirical analysis for the selection of sustainable firm portfolios," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 1917-1927, July.
  13. Yuliya Ponomareva & Francesco Paolone & Domenico Rocco Cambrea & Marc Goergen, 2025. "The Ties that Bind or Those That Tear Us Apart? Co-CEO Constellations and ESG Performance in Family Firms," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 198(4), pages 971-990, May.
  14. Halit Gonenc & Bert Scholtens, 2019. "Responsibility and Performance Relationship in the Banking Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-49, June.
  15. Darren D. Lee & John Hua Fan & Victor S. H. Wong, 2021. "No more excuses! Performance of ESG‐integrated portfolios in Australia," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(S1), pages 2407-2450, April.
  16. Uyar, Ali & Lodh, Suman & Nandy, Monomita & Kuzey, Cemil & Karaman, Abdullah S., 2023. "Tradeoff between corporate investment and CSR: The moderating effect of financial slack, workforce slack, and board gender diversity," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  17. R. Rajesh & Chandrasekharan Rajendran, 2020. "Relating Environmental, Social, and Governance scores and sustainability performances of firms: An empirical analysis," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 1247-1267, March.
  18. Gerasimos G. Rompotis, 2023. "The Performance of ESG ETFs in the U.S," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 31(2), pages 89-101.
  19. Nektarios Gavrilakis & Christos Floros, 2023. "ESG performance, herding behavior and stock market returns: evidence from Europe," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 1-21, March.
  20. Danny Zhao‐Xiang Huang, 2022. "An integrated theory of the firm approach to environmental, social and governance performance," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(S1), pages 1567-1598, April.
  21. Guillermo Badía & Vicente Pina & Lourdes Torres, 2019. "Financial Performance of Government Bond Portfolios Based on Environmental, Social and Governance Criteria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, April.
  22. Eduardo C. Garrido-Merch'an & Gabriel Gonz'alez Piris & Maria Coronado Vaca, 2023. "Bayesian Optimization of ESG Financial Investments," Papers 2303.01485, arXiv.org.
  23. Guillermo Badía & Luis Ferruz & Maria Céu Cortez, 2021. "The performance of social responsible investing from retail investors' perspective: international evidence," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 6074-6088, October.
  24. Bonacorsi, Laura & Cerasi, Vittoria & Galfrascoli, Paola & Manera, Matteo, 2022. "ESG Factors and Firms’ Credit Risk," FEEM Working Papers 329521, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
  25. Tiago Cruz Gonçalves & Victor Barros & José Vicente Avelar, 2023. "Environmental, social and governance scores in Europe: what drives financial performance for larger firms?," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 12(2), pages 121-131.
  26. Umar, Zaghum & Kenourgios, Dimitris & Papathanasiou, Sypros, 2020. "The static and dynamic connectedness of environmental, social, and governance investments: International evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 112-124.
  27. Alberto A. López-Toro & Eva María Sánchez-Teba & María Dolores Benítez-Márquez & Mercedes Rodríguez-Fernández, 2021. "Influence of ESGC Indicators on Financial Performance of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-16, April.
  28. Yong Zheng & Kumar Neelotpal Shukla & Jasmine Xu & David & Wang & Michael O'Leary, 2023. "MOPO-LSI: A User Guide," Papers 2307.01719, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2023.
  29. Edward J. Lusk & Osamuyimen Omorogbe-Akpata & Mia Wells, 2022. "Vetting of Bloomberg’s ESG Governance ISS: QualityScore [GQS™]: Discriminant Testing," International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, Inovatus Services Ltd., vol. 8(3), pages 39-52, March.
  30. Monia Magnani & Massimo Guidolin & Ian Berk, 2024. "Strong vs. stable: the impact of ESG ratings momentum and their volatility on the cost of equity capital," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 25(7), pages 666-699, December.
  31. Otchere, Isaac & Abdulrahman, Adam & Wang, Jun, 2025. "Environmental, social, and governance investing and sustainability of pension funds: Evidence from the organisation for economic cooperation and development countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
  32. Ramón Bermejo Climent & Isabel Figuerola-Ferretti Garrigues & Ioannis Paraskevopoulos & Alvaro Santos, 2021. "ESG Disclosure and Portfolio Performance," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-14, September.
  33. Christina E. Bannier & Yannik Bofinger & Björn Rock, 2023. "The risk-return tradeoff: are sustainable investors compensated adequately?," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(3), pages 165-172, May.
  34. Yang, Qin & Du, Qiang & Razzaq, Asif & Shang, Yunfeng, 2022. "How volatility in green financing, clean energy, and green economic practices derive sustainable performance through ESG indicators? A sectoral study of G7 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  35. Jingyan Zhang & Jan De Spiegeleer & Wim Schoutens, 2021. "Implied Tail Risk and ESG Ratings," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(14), pages 1-16, July.
  36. Monica Billio & Michele Costola & Iva Hristova & Carmelo Latino & Loriana Pelizzon, 2021. "Inside the ESG ratings: (Dis)agreement and performance," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(5), pages 1426-1445, September.
  37. Mehdi Nekhili & Amal Boukadhaba & Haithem Nagati, 2021. "The ESG–financial performance relationship: Does the type of employee board representation matter?," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 134-161, March.
  38. Abdulaziz Mohammed Alsahlawi & Kaouther Chebbi & Mohammed Abdullah Ammer, 2021. "The Impact of Environmental Sustainability Disclosure on Stock Return of Saudi Listed Firms: The Moderating Role of Financial Constraints," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, January.
  39. Maria Cristina Zaccone & Matteo Pedrini, 2020. "ESG Factor Integration into Private Equity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-16, July.
  40. Trinks, Arjan & Ibikunle, Gbenga & Mulder, Machiel & Scholtens, Bert, 2017. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity and the Cost of Capital," Research Report 17017-EEF, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
  41. Yue Qi & Xiaolin Li, 2020. "On Imposing ESG Constraints of Portfolio Selection for Sustainable Investment and Comparing the Efficient Frontiers in the Weight Space," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(4), pages 21582440209, December.
  42. Mustafa Tevfik Kartal & Serpil Kılıç Depren & Ugur Korkut Pata & Dilvin Taşkın & Tuba Şavlı, 2024. "Modeling the link between environmental, social, and governance disclosures and scores: the case of publicly traded companies in the Borsa Istanbul Sustainability Index," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-20, December.
  43. Satish Kumar & Dipasha Sharma & Sandeep Rao & Weng Marc Lim & Sachin Kumar Mangla, 2025. "Past, present, and future of sustainable finance: insights from big data analytics through machine learning of scholarly research," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 345(2), pages 1061-1104, February.
  44. Tom Deweerdt, 2022. "Why Is the Australian Health Sector So Far behind in Practising Climate-Related Disclosures?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-11, October.
  45. Gucciardi, Gianluca & Ossola, Elisa & Parisio, Lucia & Pelagatti, Matteo, 2025. "Common factors behind companies’ Environmental ratings," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
  46. Pornanong Budsaratragoon & Boonlert Jitmaneeroj, 2021. "Corporate Sustainability and Stock Value in Asian–Pacific Emerging Markets: Synergies or Tradeoffs among ESG Factors?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-25, June.
  47. Gerasimos G. Rompotis, 2022. "The ESG ETFs in the UK," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(2), pages 114-129, March.
  48. Hüseyin Temiz & Merve Acar, 2023. "Board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in different disclosure environments," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(5), pages 2247-2264, September.
  49. Amir Gholami & John Sands & Habib Ur Rahman, 2022. "Environmental, Social and Governance Disclosure and Value Generation: Is the Financial Industry Different?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, February.
  50. Shaojie Fan, 2024. "An exploratory study on the impact of ESG on business performance—Focusing on listed companies in Korea and Taiwan," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(11), pages 1-22, November.
  51. Amir Gholami & Peter A. Murray & John Sands, 2022. "Environmental, Social, Governance & Financial Performance Disclosure for Large Firms: Is This Different for SME Firms?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.
  52. Patrícia Pereira & Maria Céu Cortez & Florinda Silva, 2019. "Socially responsible investing and the performance of Eurozone corporate bond portfolios," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(6), pages 1407-1422, November.
  53. Lagerkvist, C.J. & Edenbrandt, A.K. & Tibbelin, I. & Wahlstedt, Y., 2020. "Preferences for sustainable and responsible equity funds - A choice experiment with Swedish private investors," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
  54. Villalonga, Belén & Tufano, Peter & Wang, Boya, 2025. "Corporate ownership and ESG performance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  55. Yinong Liu & Yanying Li & Huiying Chen, 2025. "The Keywords in Corporate Social Responsibility: A Dictionary Construction Method Based on MNIR," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-23, March.
  56. Siddhartha Barman & Jitendra Mahakud, 2025. "Assessing the Impact of Policy Uncertainty, Geopolitical Risk, and Sustainable Disclosure on Corporate Performance," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 32(1), pages 167-203, March.
  57. Charl de Villiers & Jing Jia & Zhongtian Li, 2022. "Corporate social responsibility: A review of empirical research using Thomson Reuters Asset4 data," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(4), pages 4523-4568, December.
  58. Guillermo Badía & Maria C. Cortez & Luis Ferruz, 2020. "Socially responsible investing worldwide: Do markets value corporate social responsibility?," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(6), pages 2751-2764, November.
  59. Shirley Kempeneer & Michaël Peeters & Tine Compernolle, 2021. "Bringing the User Back in the Building: An Analysis of ESG in Real Estate and a Behavioral Framework to Guide Future Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-12, March.
  60. Giacomo Morelli & Rita D’Ecclesia, 2021. "Responsible investments reduce market risks," Decisions in Economics and Finance, Springer;Associazione per la Matematica, vol. 44(2), pages 1211-1233, December.
  61. Justyna Przychodzen & Fernando Gómez-Bezares & Wojciech Przychodzen & Mikel Larreina, 2016. "ESG Issues among Fund Managers—Factors and Motives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-19, October.
  62. Pablo Vilas & Laura Andreu & José Luis Sarto, 2021. "The Convergence between Sustainability and Conventional Stock Indices. Are We on the Right Track?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-11, July.
  63. Rouine, Ibtissem & Ammari, Aymen & Bruna, Maria Giuseppina, 2022. "Nonlinear impacts of CSR performance on firm risk: New evidence using a panel smooth threshold regression," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
  64. Guillermo Badía & Fernando Gómez‐Bezares & Luis Ferruz, 2022. "Are investments in material corporate social responsibility issues a key driver of financial performance?," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(3), pages 3987-4011, September.
  65. Małgorzata Janicka & Artur Sajnóg, 2022. "The ESG Reporting of EU Public Companies—Does the Company’s Capitalisation Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-17, April.
  66. Nela Mrchkovska & Nives Dolšak & Aseem Prakash, 2023. "Does ESG privilege climate action over social and governance issues? A content analysis of BlackRock CEO Larry Fink’s annual letters," PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, Public Library of Science, vol. 2(12), pages 1-16, December.
  67. Gregor Dorfleitner & Christian Kreuzer & Christian Sparrer, 2020. "ESG controversies and controversial ESG: about silent saints and small sinners," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(5), pages 393-412, September.
  68. Inigo Martin-Melero & Raul Gomez-Martinez & Maria Luisa Medrano-Garcia & Felipe Hernandez-Perlines, 2025. "Comparison of sectorial and financial data for ESG scoring of mutual funds with machine learning," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 11(1), pages 1-31, December.
  69. Capelle-Blancard, Gunther & Crifo, Patricia & Diaye, Marc-Arthur & Oueghlissi, Rim & Scholtens, Bert, 2019. "Sovereign bond yield spreads and sustainability: An empirical analysis of OECD countries," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 156-169.
  70. Sining Song & Yan Dong & Thomas Kull & Craig Carter & Kefeng Xu, 2023. "Supply chain leakage of greenhouse gas emissions and supplier innovation," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(3), pages 882-903, March.
  71. Omura, Akihiro & Roca, Eduardo & Nakai, Miwa, 2021. "Does responsible investing pay during economic downturns: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
  72. Sebastian Utz, 2018. "Over‐investment or risk mitigation? Corporate social responsibility in Asia‐Pacific, Europe, Japan, and the United States," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 167-193, April.
  73. Staněk Gyönyör, Lucie & Horváth, Matúš & Stašek, Daniel & Stachoň, Martin, 2025. "The role of ESG factor in stock clustering based on risk-return-liquidity dimensions," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  74. Marcel C. Minutolo & Werner D. Kristjanpoller & John Stakeley, 2019. "Exploring environmental, social, and governance disclosure effects on the S&P 500 financial performance," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 1083-1095, September.
  75. Ved Dilip Beloskar & S. V. D. Nageswara Rao, 2023. "Did ESG Save the Day? Evidence From India During the COVID-19 Crisis," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 30(1), pages 73-107, March.
  76. Mohapatra, Swati & Kumar, Ashish & Mohapatra, Malaya Ranjan & Srivastava, Vikas, 2025. "Does CEO duality moderate environmental, social, and governance performance-earnings management relationship? Evidence from emerging markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
  77. Sabri Boubaker & Tu D. Q. Le & Riadh Manita & Thanh Ngo, 2025. "The trade-off frontier for ESG and Sharpe ratio: a bootstrapped double-frontier data envelopment analysis," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 347(1), pages 717-741, April.
  78. Lukman Raimi & Mirela Panait & Adriana Grigorescu & Valentina Vasile, 2022. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Telecommunication Industry—Driver of Entrepreneurship," Resources, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-23, September.
  79. Muel Kaptein, 2025. "A Profit Cap is not yet a General Moral Duty for Companies: A Corporate Social Contract Perspective," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 199(2), pages 351-364, June.
  80. Rashedul Hasan & Mohammad Dulal Miah & M. Kabir Hassan, 2022. "The nexus between environmental and financial performance: Evidence from gulf cooperative council banks," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(7), pages 2882-2907, November.
  81. Abdulsamad Alazzani & Wan Nordin Wan-Hussin & Michael Jones & Ahmed Al-hadi, 2021. "ESG Reporting and Analysts’ Recommendations in GCC: The Moderation Role of Royal Family Directors," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-21, February.
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